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Q121. What happens to private variables during inheritance ?

Core Java

Ans. Private variables are not inherited. They are simply ignored and not made part of the derived object body.

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Q122. What are the examples of immutable objects in Java ?

Core Java

Ans. Following Classes in Java SE creates immutable objects

String class
Wrapper Classes like Integer, Float etc.
StackTraceElement
Most Enum classes
File Class
Locale Class

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Q123. What is the order in which triggers gets fired ?

Database

Ans. There is no specific order in which database fires the triggers if they are for the same operation. If we need to have a specific order for their execution, we should have them all in a stored procedure and the procedure should get executed upon the event.

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Q124. What is the difference between Oracle , Cassandra and Redis ?

Database

Ans. Oracle is a relational database. Cassandra is a noSQL Database whereas Redis is an inmemory cache.

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Q125. What is event handling ? What is event propagation ?

JavaScript

Ans. LinkedIn

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Q126. Make the following class immutable

public class Employee {

   private long employeeId;

   private String employeeName;

   public long getEmployeeId() {
      return employeeId;
   }

public void setEmployeeId(long employeeId) {
      this.employeeId = employeeId;
   }

   public String getEmployeeName() {
      return employeeName;
   }

public void setEmployeeName(String employeeName) {
      this.employeeName = employeeName;
   }
}

Core Java

Ans. public class Employee {

   private long employeeId;

   private String employeeName;

   public Employee(long employeeId,String employeeName){
      this.employeeId = employeeId;
      this.employeeName = employeeName;
   }

   public long getEmployeeId() {
      return employeeId;
   }

   public long getEmployeeName() {
      return employeeName;
   }
}

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Q127. What is a blank final variable ? Can we initialize a blank final variable ?

Core Java

Ans. A final variable that is not initialized while declaration is a blank final variable.

Yes, we can initialize it within a constructor.

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Q128. Where does database stored procedures gets stored ?

Database

^{This question was recently asked at 'iNautix Technologies'.This question is still unanswered. Can you please provide an answer.}

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Q129. Would you consider creating a constant name for "null" ?

Core Java

Ans. Objective of constant variable is to provide a context to the value and provide a single point of change. In terms of context, i don't see much need for having constant name for null as null is already self explanatory. In terms of providing single point of change, it doesn't make much sense as it would necessitate that all such placeholders either hold null or a common value.

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Q130. If we have to maintain a value "31" denoting "number of days in a month" as constant variable, Which of the following is the best constant name and Why ?

THIRTY_ONE
NUMBER_OF_DAYS_IN_MONTH
NUMBER_OF_DAYS_IN_MONTH_31

Core Java

Ans. NUMBER_OF_DAYS_IN_MONTH_31

Constant should be such that it uniquely identifies the value it holds and context of the value. THIRTY_ONE uniquely identifies the value but doesn't express the context. NUMBER_OF_DAYS_IN_MONTH expresses the context but doesn't specify the value clearly as different month can have different number of days.

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Q131. If we have to maintain a value "7" denoting "number of days in a week" as constant variable, Which of the following is the best constant name and Why ?

SEVEN
NUMBER_OF_DAYS_IN_WEEK
NUMBER_OF_DAYS_IN_WEEK_7

Core Java

Ans. NUMBER_OF_DAYS_IN_WEEK

Constant should be such that it uniquely identifies the value it holds and context of the value. SEVEN uniquely identifies the value but doesn't express the context.

Though NUMBER_OF_DAYS_IN_WEEK and NUMBER_OF_DAYS_IN_WEEK_7 makes sense in terms of unique value identification and context but 7 at the end of constant name appears useless as all weeks have 7 days and hence it's the only value it can hold. If it would have been "number of days in a month", it would have made sense to include number of days at the end like

NUMBER_OF_DAYS_IN_MONTH_30
NUMBER_OF_DAYS_IN_MONTH_31
NUMBER_OF_DAYS_IN_MONTH_27
NUMBER_OF_DAYS_IN_MONTH_28

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Q132. When does an object cleaned or destroyed by garbage collection ?

Core Java

Ans. When it is no longer referenced or it looses all references which were earlier pointing to it.

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Q133. How can we destroy an object ?

Core Java

Ans. We cannot explicitly initiate destruction of an object as no destroy method is available in java. Only Garbage collection can destroy an object.

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Q134. Can we override the overloaded methods too ?

Core Java

Ans. Yes. Both concepts are independent of each other. Overriding depends on the methods with same name and signature whereas Overloading on same name but with different signatures. All definitions of an overloaded method can be individually overridden in the derived class.

For example -

Class A has overloaded methods "public void myMethod(String str)" and "public void myMethod(int x)"

We can have derived class ClassB extends ClassA and hence can override both methods myMethod(String str) and myMethod(int x) in ClassB

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Q135. If an Abstract class has only abstract methods, What's the difference between such a class and an interface ?

Core Java

Ans. Such a class still can have member elements which can be inherited and hence facilitate code reuse. Moreover Abstract class can have non final static elements whereas interfaces are only allowed to have static final elements.

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Q136. which one do you prefer - JDBC or Hibernate ?

Database

^{This question was recently asked at 'Captech'.This question is still unanswered. Can you please provide an answer.}

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Q137. What is the importance of Abstract Class ?

Core Java

Ans. Abstract classes provide a mechanism of interfacing ( using abstract method ) as well as code reuse through inheritance ( extending abstract class )

Comparing to concrete class they have an advantage of providing interface which a concrete class doesn't provide.

Comparing to interfaces they have an advantage of providing code reuse through inheritance which interfaces dont provide.

Sample Code for abstract class

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Q138. How to implement a hashtable ?

Data Structure

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Q139. Write a SQL to delete duplicate records in a table

Database

Ans. DELETE FROM TABLE WHERE ROW_NUM NOT IN ( SELECT MAX(ROW_ID) FROM TABLE GROUP BY DUPLICATE_FIELD )

or

DELETE FROM TABLE a WHERE ROW_ID >(SELECT MIN(ROW_ID FROM TABLE b WHERE a.DUPLICATE_FIELD=b.DUPLICATE_FIELD);

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Q140. What is JVM ?

Core Java

Ans. JVM (Java Virtual Machine) is an abstract machine. It is a specification that provides runtime environment in which java bytecode can be executed.JVMs are available for many hardware and software platforms (i.e. JVM is platform dependent).Runtime Instance Whenever you write java command on the command prompt to run the java class, an instance of JVM is createdThe JVM performs following operation:Loads codeVerifies codeExecutes codeProvides runtime environment

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Q141. What is synchronization ?

Core Java

^{This question was recently asked at 'ABS'.This question is still unanswered. Can you please provide an answer.}

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Q142. What will we get if we try to print local variable that hasn't been initialized ?

Core Java

Ans. It will print the garbage value as compiler doesn't provide a default value to local variables.

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Q143. Why can't we create an instance of abstract class ? Why is it restricted by compiler ?

Core Java

Ans. Because Abstract class is incomplete i.e there are abstract methods that needs to be defined by extending classes.

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Q144. What was the need of creating an abstract class in Java when we cannot instantiate an object of it ?

Core Java

Ans. The objective of an abstract class is to provide an interface as well as code reuse. Though we cannot instantiate an instance of abstract class but we can reuse the code by extending such a class. Moreover abstract class provides interfacing to outside components just like interfaces.

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Q145. What is an optimistic locking ?

Database

Ans. It's the way for synchronization wherein we can store version information in the table , so that if the same entity is updated by two transactions, the last to commit changes is informed of the conflict, and does not override the other transaction's work.

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Q146. What is the relation between Primary Key, Unique and Not Null constraint ?

Database

Ans. Primary Key constraint means that the column(s) should be unique and doesn't allow null. So Primary key constraint implies unique and not null constraint too.

Unique constraint implies not null constraint too as allowing null would violate uniqueness on those columns.

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Q147. What is a unique constraint ?

Database

Ans. Unique constraint ensures that a columns or combination or columns are always unique in a table and hence doesn't allow null or duplicates to be entered for the column or combination of columns.

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Q148. What is a check database constraint ?

Database

Ans. Constraint specifies the values allowed in one or more columns of every row of a table.

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Q149. What are the different database constraint types ?

Database

Ans. Not Null
Unique
Primary Key
Foreign Key
Check Constraint

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Q150. What do you make out of this error

org.hibernate.exception.ConstraintViolationException: could not insert: [<Entity>]
Caused by: java.sql.SQLIntegrityConstraintViolationException: ORA-00001: unique constraint (<Constraint Name>) violated

and how would you go about debugging it ?

Database

Ans. Application is unable to insert a record as it violates a unique constraint.

The exception states the constraint and Table can be located by the Entity mapping. So I will go to the DB and will first check to which all columns the unique constraint applies. And then I will go and check the code and logs to see how come the duplicate column values were attempted to be inserted when they were not supposed to be.

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