Core Java - Interview Questions and Answers for 'Core java' | Search Interview Question

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Frequently asked to fresh graduates and less experienced developers. Among the first few questions in many interviews.

Q1171. What are the difference between composition and inheritance in Java?

Core Java

Ans. Composition - has-a relationship between objects.
Inheritance - is-a relationship between classes.

Composition - Composing object holds a reference to composed objects and hence relationship is loosely bound.
Inheritance - Derived object carries the base class definition in itself and hence its tightly bound.

Composition - Used in Dependency Injection
Inheritance - Used in Runtime Polymorphism

Composition - Single class objects can be composed within multiple classes.
Inheritance - Single class can only inherit 1 Class.

Composition - Its the relationship between objects.
Inheritance - Its the relationship between classes.

Sample Code for inheritance

Sample Code for composition

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Q1172. What is the difference between public class and class ?

Core Java

Ans. Class without any access specifier has the default scope i.e it can be accessed by any class within same package.

Class declared public can be accessed from anywhere.

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Frequently asked to fresh graduates and less experienced.

Q1173. Why do we write public static void main ? Can we use some other syntax too for main ?

Core Java

Ans. 1. public is the access modifier that makes the method accessible from anywhere, static is the keyword that makes it accessible even without creating any object, void means it doesn't return anything , String args[] is the array of argument that the method receives.

2. If we use main without the string args , it will compile correctly as Java will treat it as just another method. It wont be the method "main" which Java looks for when it looks to execute the class and hence will throw

Error: Main method not found in class , please define the main method as:
public static void main(String[] args)

3. Main is not a keyword but a special string that Java looks for while initiating the main thread.

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Q1174. Why every object constructor automatically call super() in Object before its own constructors?

Core Java

Ans. Derived object carries the body of its class as well as the body of the parent class. Its body ( member elements ) is initialized using its own class constructor whereas the body ( member elements ) carried from the parent class are initialized using super class constructor. So In order to initialize the elements of the parent class before its own elements are even initialized, super is called.

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Q1175. Will this code compile ?

public class BuggyBread1{
abstract public void test();
}

Core Java

Ans. No. It will give the compilation error saying "The abstract method test in type BuggyBread1 can only be defined by an abstract class".

We need to declare the class abstract for it to have any abstract method.

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Q1176. Will this Code compile ?

abstract public class BuggyBread1{
abstract public void test(){};
}

Core Java

Ans. No. This will give a compilation error saying "Abstract methods do not specify a body".

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Q1177. How is Abstraction implemented in Java ?

Core Java

Ans. Abstraction is provided in Java by following ways -

Coding to the ( Interfaces / Abstract Classes ) or contracts

By Encapsulating details within classes and exposing the minimal Door ( few public methods )

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Q1178. Give an Example for Builder Pattern ?

Core Java

Ans. String str = new StringBuilder().append("Buggy").append("Bread").toString();

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Q1179. Is this Polymorphism ?

Map<String, List<String>> inventoryManagerCountMap = new HashMap<String, ArrayList<String>>();

Core Java

Ans. No. This will result in compilation error as Polymorphism cannot be performed on Object types.

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Rarely asked as it was introduced with Java 8.

Q1180. Difference between DoubleSummaryStatistics , IntSummaryStatistics and LongSummaryStatistics ?

Core Java

Ans. They all does the same task i.e to compute statistical information on the stream of data. They differ by the way they store the statistical information as they expect a different data type of the values being used.

IntSummaryStatistics and LongSummaryStatistics expect non floating point values and hence stores the statistical information like min,max and sum as non floating values ( int or long ) whereas DoubleSummaryStatistics stores these information as floating value.

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Not frequently asked as it was introduced with Java 8.

Q1181. What is StringJoiner ?

Core Java

Ans. StringJoiner is a util method to construct a string with desired delimiter. This has been introduced with wef from Java 8.

Sample Code

StringJoiner strJoiner = new StringJoiner(".");

strJoiner.add("Buggy").add("Bread");

System.out.println(strJoiner); // prints Buggy.Bread

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Not frequently asked as it was introduced with Java 8.

Q1182. What is the use of Optional ?

Core Java

Ans. Optional is a good way to protect application from runtime nullPointerException in case the the absent value has been represented as null. So basically Optional class provides the type checking during compile time and hence will never result in NPE.

For ex -

List> intList = new ArrayList>();
intList.add(Optional.empty());
intList.add(Optional.of(new Employee("abc")));
intList.add(Optional.of(new Employee("xyz")));
intList.add(Optional.of(new Employee("123")));
System.out.println(intList.get(0).getName());

So Now , even when the first list element is empty, this code will never throw an NullPointerException.

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Q1183. Have you ever used StringTokenizer ?

Core Java

Ans. No, Alternatively I have used String.split("\\s") for achieving the same function.

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Q1184. What is ConcurrentLinkedDeque ?

Core Java

Ans. It's a Collections concrete class that provides implementation of a Double Ended queue that allows concurrent insertion, removal, and access operations that can be executed safely across multiple threads.

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Q1185. What are the advantages and disadvantages of CopyOnWriteArrayList ?

Core Java

Ans. This collections class has been implemented in such a manner that it can never throw ConcurrentModificationException. As it performs update and write operations by creating a new copy of ArrayList, It's slower compared to ArrayList.

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Q1186. What is ConcurrentModificationException ?

Core Java

Ans. This is the exception that is thrown when we try to modify the non concurrent collection class while iterating through it.

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Q1187. What is ArrayIndexOutOfBoundException ?

Core Java

Ans. Exception thrown by the application is we try to access an element using an index which is not within the range of array i.e lower than 0 or greater than the size of the array.

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Q1188. Name few classes that extend Thread class ?

Core Java

Ans. http://www.buggybread.com/2015/02/java-threads-classes-that-inherit.html

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Rarely asked as it was introduced with Java 8.

Q1189. Name few "Optional" classes introduced with Java 8 ?

Core Java

Ans. http://www.buggybread.com/2015/01/java-optional-classes-and-interfaces.html

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Q1190. Name few String related classes and interfaces ?

Core Java

Ans. http://www.buggybread.com/2015/01/java-string-classes-and-interfaces.html

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Q1191. Name few IO Stream classes and interfaces ?

Core Java

Ans. http://www.buggybread.com/2015/01/java-stream-io-classes-and-interfaces.html

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Q1192. Name few File IO related classes and interfaces ?

Core Java

Ans. http://www.buggybread.com/2015/01/java-file-io-classes-and-interfaces.html

Sample Code for File

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Rarely asked as it was introduced with Java 8.

Q1193. What are the changes in Java.io in Java 8 ?

Core Java

Ans. http://www.buggybread.com/2015/01/migrating-to-java-8-new-classes_62.html

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Q1194. Name few Java Util classes introduced with Java 8 ?

Core Java

Ans. http://www.buggybread.com/2015/01/migrating-to-java-8-new-classes_25.html

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Rarely asked as it was introduced with Java 8.

Q1195. Name few java.lang classes introduced with Java 8 ?

Core Java

Ans. http://www.buggybread.com/2015/01/migrating-to-java-8-new-classes.html

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Q1196. How to make sure that a string contains only Numerals ?

Core Java

Ans. We can use NumberUtils.isNumber which is a part of apache commons package.

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Q1197. What are the advantages and disadvantages of static variables and static methods ?

Core Java

Ans. Advantages

Can do meta object operations ( like validating something before creating objects , keep count of number of objects )

Can do operations which have nothing to do with objects but still you want them to be tied to Class.

Disadvantages

Commonly used to static variables sometime leads to problems due to access by different objects.

Are not tied to objects so doesn't reflect pure Object Oriented approach.

Needs to be synchronized so as to avoid update conflicts by mutiple objects and threads.

Some limitation in testing as not all frameworks have facility to mock them. Powermock has but Mockito doesnt

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Very Frequently asked. Have been asked in HCL Technologies very frequently ( based on 3 feedback ). Among first few questions in many interviews.

Q1198. Differences between abstract class and interface ?

Core Java

Ans. Abstract classes can have both abstract methods ( method declarations ) as well as concrete methods ( inherited to the derived classes ) whereas Interfaces can only have abstract methods ( method declarations ).

A class can extend single abstract class whereas it can implement multiple interfaces.

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Q1199. In which cases isn't instanceof operator a bad practice?

Core Java

Ans. To avoid ClassCastException.

Though the following code will compile fine but will result in ClassCastException during runtime.

Fruit fruit = new Apple();
Banana banana = Banana(fruit); // ClassCastException

This code will not give compile time error as Banana and Fruit are related as Banana either extends or implement Fruit, So downcasting is acceptable. With this code we assume that the Fruit handler will have the Apple object at that point, violating which the code will throw the exception.

This exception can be avoided by following code.

Fruit fruit = new Apple();
if(fruit instanceOf Banana){
Banana banana = Banana(fruit); // ClassCastException
}

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Q1200. Difference between Scanner and BufferedReader ? Which one is faster and Why ?

Core Java

Ans. Scanner is used for parsing tokens from the contents of the stream while BufferedReader just reads the stream.

BufferedReader read files efficiently by using a buffer to avoid physical disk operations.

Buffer size of Scanner is usually smaller than the Buffered Writer.

BufferedReader is faster that Scanner as it just reads the Stream and doesn't Parse the tokens to read the stream into primitive data types.

Sample Code for Scanner

Sample Code for BufferedReader

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