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Ans. whenever a reference is created in Java without assigning the object
like
String str;
It get's assigned to null. So null provides a temporary memory location which any reference can point to till an appropriate object is assigned. Moreover it denotes that nothing has been assigned yet and hence provides a check in many cases.
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Ans. Null means nothing and hence means it's being assigned something till anything can be assigned to the reference. Null is a common memory location that get's assigned to any object reference till an actual object is assigned.
Empty object may not have a programmer initialized state but still a separate object in memory that has been assigned the placeholders.
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Null value means that the value is yet to be assigned or need not be assigned whereas empty value means that the blank value has already been assigned once. Null is the default for the null able columns that hasn't be assigned any value.
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Ans. We can declare the reference as final to avoid reassignment but again we can always initialize the final reference to null. Even if there was any such facility available , it would have meant poor use of resources by assigning a new object in memory to each reference that's created. Many a times references are just meant to refer to other objects which already have a reference i.e sharing object by multiple references.
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Ans. Application is unable to insert a record as it violates a unique constraint.
The exception states the constraint and Table can be located by the Entity mapping. So I will go to the DB and will first check to which all columns the unique constraint applies. And then I will go and check the code and logs to see how come the duplicate column values were attempted to be inserted when they were not supposed to be.
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Ans. Unique constraint ensures that a columns or combination or columns are always unique in a table and hence doesn't allow null or duplicates to be entered for the column or combination of columns.
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Ans. Primary Key constraint means that the column(s) should be unique and doesn't allow null. So Primary key constraint implies unique and not null constraint too.
Unique constraint implies not null constraint too as allowing null would violate uniqueness on those columns.
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Ans. A gobbler class take care of reading from a stream and optionally write out to another stream. Allows for non blocking reads when invoking a process through Runtime.exec(). Moreover the user can specify a callback that is called whenever anything is read from the stream.
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Ans. Garbage collection mechanism frees up the memory that is no longer needed. In languages like C / C++ the deallocation needs to be done explicitly by the programmer and hence any leniency may result in memory leak. Garbage collection in java ensures that all unused memory is reclaimed and hence there are no memory leaks.Moreover it relieves the programmer from the hassle of carefully releasing all memory.
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Ans. It's the way for synchronization wherein we can store version information in the table , so that if the same entity is updated by two transactions, the last to commit changes is informed of the conflict, and does not override the other transaction's work.
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