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Q481. How Marker interfaces works internally ?

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Q482. Can we overload abstract methods ?

Core Java

Ans. Yes

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Q483. How will you design a Log4j kind of framework.

Log4j

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Q484. Difference between log4j and slf4j ?

Logging

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Q485. Difference between Virtual Memory and Demand Paging?

Operating System

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Q486. What are the advantages of using methods in Java ?

Core Java

Ans. Likewise classes, methods also provide a way for code reuse and abstraction. Code is reused, clean and easy to understand if classified properly within classes and methods.

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Q487. Why it's a good practice to expose member elements through getter methods ?

Design

Ans. Encapsulation and Polymorphism.

We need methods to access variables in a polymorphic way as overriding only happens with methods and not with variables. Moreover getter provides a way to minimally open the access window for the object and hence provides better encapsulation. To add to those, we can have validation in the getter method before returning elements.

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Q488. Find the third last element in a linked list ?

Data Structure

Ans. First Find the number of nodes in the linked list and take it as n.then find the data at n-3 element.

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Q489. Why can't we create an instance of abstract class ? Why is it restricted by compiler ?

Core Java

Ans. Because Abstract class is incomplete i.e there are abstract methods that needs to be defined by extending classes.

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Q490. Why do we need polymorphism in Java ?

Core Java

Ans. Frankly saying I dont see much use of method overloading as its just little design convenience as you can use the same name but still have binding to different methods depending on the need.

Method overriding is really important and is much more useful than method overloading. Along with other programming concepts like interfaces and dependency injection , it facilitates the development of software as libraries and plug-gable components.

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Q491. What is the difference between a keyword and a modifier ?

Core Java

Ans. Keywords are the reserved words that have a pre defined meaning for a compiler whereas modifiers are the type of keywords that modifies the state or definition of a programming construct.

for, while are keywords but not modifiers.
private , public , final , abstract etc are keywords as well as modifiers.

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Q492. In which cases using SOAP is preferred over REST ?

Web Service

Ans. SOAP services are better in case we need to establish a formal and detail contract with the client or callers and hence suitable for

1. Services published for much wider unknown audience
2. Require large input payload
3. Requiring different level for authentication

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Q493. What is the difference between keywords, identifiers and literals in java ?

Core Java

Ans. Keywords are the reserved words that have a pre defined meaning for the compiler and hence are restricted to be used as identifiers.

Identifiers are the name assigned to different programming constructs like classes, interfaces, methods , variables etc.

Literals are the values that are assigned to Identifiers.

For example

int count = 0;

in the above statement "int" is a keyword, "count" is an identifier and "0" is a literal

Sample Code for keywords

Sample Code for identifiers

Sample Code for literals

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Q494. How does java identifies which method to be called in method overriding or runtime polymorphism, when both methods share the same name and signature ?

Core Java

Ans. Java identifies the method to be called at runtime by the object that is being referenced.

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Q495. What are some uses of interceptors ?

Java EE

Ans. Authentication / Authorization
URL forwarding
Auditing / Logging
Localization

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Q496. What is the difference between following two segments of code

Code 1

int x = 4 * 3;
int y = x * 5;

Code 2

int y = 4 * 3 * 5;

Core Java

Ans. Both will produce the same output but 1st will consume more resources in terms of memory ( for maintaining intermediate value ) and computing power ( as single mathematical calculation with more operands is more effective than multiple calculations with broken down operands )

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Q497. Java doesn't provide exclusive access to memory like C/C++ and other lower level languages ? What are the advantanges and disadvantages ?

Core Java

Ans. Yes, doesn't provide exclusive access as we cannot allocate and deallocate memory exclusively as Java internally manages it. The advantage of this is that it relieves the coder for such tasks and helps protect from many bugs that may get introduced with imperfect coding. Moreover as java garbage collector collects all unclaimed memory or objects, it helps the application from memory leaks.

On the flip side , as coder doesn't have extensive excess to memory , it is upto java to decide on the state for programming construct and data storage and hence may introduce some security risks. For example - Java keeps string literals in string pool and there is no exclusive way to remove it and hence may stay and sensitive data in string pool may introduce security issues. Moreover when we overwrite a value or object for a variable / reference, it is upto java to purge those values and hence it may stay in memory for a while till java decide that it is no longer referenced and hence should be removed and hence makes it vulnerable for inappropriate access.

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Q498. Is it ok to use optional everywhere just to get over nullpointerexception ?

Core Java

Ans. Optional is to be used for arguments / atrributes which are indeed optional i.e the request should continue even if they aren't provided. It should not be used for mandatory attributes or arguments as we would like application to shout out ( with error message / exception trace ) to signify a problem.

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Q499. Do you prefer using var args ?

Core Java

Ans. Though var args are used rarely but they are pretty useful if a method is expected to receive variable number of arguments. For example - it's pretty useful for the main method as the caller has the flexibility to provide arguments in infinite ways.It provides a convenience and flexibility to the caller.

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Q500. What are the types of applications we can create using Elastic Beanstalk ?

Amazon Web Services (AWS)

Ans. Web Server and Worker

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Q501. What is meant by "Vector is synchronized and ArrayList isn't " ?

Core Java

Ans. It means that only 1 thread can access have access to Vector at a time and no parallel access is allowed whereas Array List allows parallel access by multiple threads.

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Q502. Can a class be declared "protected" ?

Core Java

Ans. No, only methods can be declared protected.

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Q503. Is String final in Java ?

Core Java

Ans. Strings are immutable in Java and not final.

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Q504. Write a program for LinkedList, with method to append node and traversing the list ?

Algorithm

Ans. public class LinkedList {

   Node start = null;
   Node head = null;

   class Node {
      Integer body;
      Node nextNode;

      Node(Integer value) {
         body = value;
      }
   }

   private void addNodeToEnd(Integer value) {
      if (start == null) {
         start = new Node(value);
         head = start;
         head.nextNode = null;
         return;
      }

      while (head.nextNode != null) {
         head = head.nextNode;
      }

      head.nextNode = new Node(value);
   }

   private void traverse() {
      head = start;
      while (head != null) {
         System.out.println(head.body);
         head = head.nextNode;
      }
   }

   public static void main(String[] args) {
      LinkedList ll = new LinkedList();

      ll.addNodeToEnd(5);
      ll.addNodeToEnd(10);
      ll.addNodeToEnd(15);

      ll.traverse();

   }
}

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Q505. Write method to delete Node from a LinkedList.

Data Structure

Ans. public class LinkedList {

   Node start = null;
   Node head = null;

   class Node {
      Integer body;
      Node nextNode;

      Node(Integer value) {
         body = value;
      }
   }

   private void addNodeToEnd(Integer value) {
      if (start == null) {
         start = new Node(value);
         head = start;
         head.nextNode = null;
         return;
      }

      while (head.nextNode != null) {
         head = head.nextNode;
      }

      head.nextNode = new Node(value);
   }

   private void deleteNode(Integer value) {
      head = start;
      while (head.nextNode != null) {
         if(head.nextNode.body == value){
            head.nextNode = head.nextNode.nextNode;
         }

         head = head.nextNode;
      }
   }



   private void traverse() {
      head = start;
      while (head != null) {
         System.out.println(head.body);
         head = head.nextNode;
      }
   }

   public static void main(String[] args) {
      LinkedList ll = new LinkedList();

      ll.addNodeToEnd(5);
      ll.addNodeToEnd(10);
      ll.addNodeToEnd(15);

      ll.traverse();

      ll.deleteNode(10);

      ll.traverse();

   }
}

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Q506. What are ascii values for capital and lower case alphabets ?

Core Java

Ans. 65 to 90 for capital case alphabets

97 to 122 for lower case alphabets

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Q507. What is the difference between pop and peek function of stack ?

Data Structure

Ans. pop method pulls the top element from the stack and then move the top to the next element whereas peek only get the top element but doesn't move the top.

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Q508. How can we ensure thread safety in static method ?

Core Java

Ans. By using synchronized static method or synchronized block

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Q509. Is there any schema in mongo DB ?

MongoDB

Ans. There is schema in mongo-db but the schema need not to be defined before creating collection.

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Q510. Write a method it will return reverse of the string(with out using reverse method of String or StringBuffer)

Core Java

Ans. String s1 = "akhilesh";
char[] ch = s1.toCharArray();
for (int i = ch.length-1 ; i >=0 ; i--) {
System.out.print(ch[i]);
}

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