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Ans. Object is an entity in Java , i.e which has a state ( instance variables ) and methods attached to it ( static or non static , through class definition ). References are the identifiers that are used to point to objects.
For example -
Employee emp = new Employee();
emp = new Employee();
In this code, emp is the reference that gets assigned to the new object created by the new operator. In the second line , we have assigned the same reference to another object. So with these 2 lines of code, we have 2 objects in memory with reference emp now pointing to second object.
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Q242. Which of following is / are valid static final declaration ?
public static final String MAX_NUM = "10";
public static final Object NULL = null;
public static final MathContext MATH_CONTEXT = new MathContext(2,RoundingMode.CEILING);
Ans. ArrayLists aren't synchronized and hence doesn't allow synchronized access. As multiple threads can access an arraylist in parallel, it may result in an inconsistent state.
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Ans. Encapsulation is a feature of OOP's that binds the data and it's associated methods together as a single unit and facilitate protection and data hiding by providing minimal interface to outside. For example - member variables are declared private and are accessed through public methods. Moreover we have private methods that can only be used internally and hence providing minimal interface to outside class through use of public methods.
Ans. You can implement encapsulation in Java by keeping the fields (class variables) private and providing public getter and setter methods to each of them. Java Beans are examples of fully encapsulated classes. Encapsulation in Java: Restricts direct access to data members (fields) of a class.
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Ans. Infinite loop is a programming condition wherein the control goes into an infinite loop because the loop termination condition can never be met. For example -
for(int x=1;x>0;x++){
}
in this loop, with each increment the condition x > 0 will remain true till infinity.
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Ans. Ternary operator , also called conditional operator is used to decide which value to assign to a variable based on a Boolean value evaluation. It is used as
condition ? value1 : value2
For example
int y = (x > 0) ? x:0; // assign x if it's greater than 0, else assign 0
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Ans. There are four main OOP concepts in Java. These are:
Abstraction. Abstraction means using simple things to represent complexity. We all know how to turn the TV on, but we don?t need to know how it works in order to enjoy it. In Java, abstraction means simple things like objects, classes, and variables represent more complex underlying code and data. This is important because it lets avoid repeating the same work multiple times.
Encapsulation. This is the practice of keeping fields within a class private, then providing access to them via public methods. It?s a protective barrier that keeps the data and code safe within the class itself. This way, we can re-use objects like code components or variables without allowing open access to the data system-wide.
Inheritance. This is a special feature of Object Oriented Programming in Java. It lets programmers create new classes that share some of the attributes of existing classes. This lets us build on previous work without reinventing the wheel.
Polymorphism. This Java OOP concept lets programmers use the same word to mean different things in different contexts. One form of polymorphism in Java is method overloading. That?s when different meanings are implied by the code itself. The other form is method overriding. That?s when the different meanings are implied by the values of the supplied variables. See more on this below.
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Ans. Its is the process of creating exact copy of an object being cloned. In Object class one native method called clone() is there which is meant for Shallow Cloning of Object. Shallow cloning means bitwise copy of an object.In case of primitive data type it will create an exact copy of primitive values as well as variables but if the object contains any reference of an object then it will not copy the referenced object rather it will create the copy of reference variable and assigned it to the old object.
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Ans. The Java collections framework (JCF) is a set of classes and interfaces that implement commonly reusable collection data structures. Although referred to as a framework, it works in a manner of a library. The JCF provides both interfaces that define various collections and classes that implement them.
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Sample Code for final variable
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