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Very frequently asked. Usually difference between String,StringBuffer and StringBuilder is asked in different variations.

Q121. Difference between StringBuffer and StringBuilder ?

Core Java

Ans. StringBuffer is synchronized whereas StringBuilder is not.

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Very frequently asked in different variations. Frequently asked in Deloitte ( 2 feedback ) , HCL Tech ( 3 feedback ), TCS and Coginizant (CTS)

Q122. Explain the scenerios to choose between String , StringBuilder and StringBuffer ?

or

What is the difference between String , StringBuilder and StringBuffer ?

Core Java

Ans. If the Object value will not change, use String Class because a String object is immutable.

If the Object value can change and will only be modified from a single thread, use StringBuilder because StringBuilder is unsynchronized(means faster).

If the Object value may change, and can be modified by multiple threads, use a StringBuffer because StringBuffer is thread safe(synchronized).

Sample Code for String

Sample Code for StringBuffer

Sample Code for StringBuilder

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Q123. Difference between loadClass and Class.forName ?

Ans. loadClass only loads the class but doesn't initialize the object whereas Class.forName initialize the object after loading it.

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Q124. Difference between nested and inner classes ?

Ans. Inner class is a type of nested class.

Inner classes are non static nested classes i.e the one that are associated with the instance of outer class.

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Q125. What is a nested interface ?

Ans. Any interface declared inside a class or an interface. It is static by default.

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Q126. What are the design considerations while making a choice between using interface and abstract class ?

Core Java

Ans. Keep it as a Abstract Class if its a "Is a" Relationsship and should do subset/all of the functionality. Keep it as Interface if its a "Should Do" relationship.

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Q127. what is the difference between collections class vs collections interface ?

Core Java

Ans. Collections class is a utility class having static methods for doing operations on objects of classes which implement the Collection interface. For example, Collections has methods for finding the max element in a Collection.

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Q128. Will this code give error if i try to add two heterogeneous elements in the arraylist. ? and Why ?

List list1 = new ArrayList<>();
list1.add(5);
list1.add("5");

Ans. If we don't declare the list to be of specific type, it treats it as list of objects.

int 1 is auto boxed to Integer and "1" is String and hence both are objects.

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Q129. What is the difference between System.console.write and System.out.println ?

Ans. System.console() returns null if your application is not run in a terminal (though you can handle this in your application)System.console() provides methods for reading password without echoing charactersSystem.out and System.err use the default platform encoding, while the Console class output methods use the console encoding

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Advanced level question. Recently asked in few Indian service companies ( Based on 3 inputs )

Q130. What are various types of Class loaders used by JVM ?

Core Java

Ans. Bootstrap - Loads JDK internal classes, java.* packages.

Extensions - Loads jar files from JDK extensions directory - usually lib/ext directory of the JRE

System - Loads classes from system classpath.

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Q131. How are classes loaded by JVM ?

Core Java

Ans. Class loaders are hierarchical. The very first class is specially loaded with the help of static main() method declared in your class. All the subsequently loaded classes are loaded by the classes, which are already loaded and running.

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Q132. Difference between static vs. dynamic class loading?

Core Java

Ans. static loading - Classes are statically loaded with Java new operator.

dynamic class loading - Dynamic loading is a technique for programmatically invoking the functions of a class loader at run time.

Class.forName (Test className);

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Q133. When do you get ClassCastException?

or

What is ClassCastException ?

Ans. As we only downcast class in the hierarchy, The ClassCastException is thrown to indicate that code has attempted to cast an object to a subclass of which it is not an instance.

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Q134. Difference Between this() and super() ?

Core Java

Ans. 1.this is a reference to the current object in which this keyword is used whereas super is a reference used to access members specific to the parent Class.

2.this is primarily used for accessing member variables if local variables have same name, for constructor chaining and for passing itself to some method whereas super is primarily used to initialize base class members within derived class constructor.

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Q135. Difference between the jsp scriptlet tag and jsp declaration tag?

Java EE

Ans. The jsp scriptlet tag can only declare variables not methods whereas jsp declaration tag can declare variables as well as methods.

The declaration of scriptlet tag is placed inside the _jspService() method whereas The declaration of jsp declaration tag is placed outside the _jspService() method.

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Q136. What is the benefit of inner / nested classes ?

Core Java

Ans. You can put related classes together as a single logical group.

Nested classes can access all class members of the enclosing class, which might be useful in certain cases.

Nested classes are sometimes useful for specific purposes. For example, anonymous inner classes are useful for writing simpler event-handling code with AWT/Swing.

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Q137. Explain Static nested Classes ?

Ans. The accessibility (public, protected, etc.) of the static nested class is defined by the outer class.

A static nested class is not an inner class, it's a top-level nested class.

The name of the static nested class is expressed with OuterClassName.NestedClassName syntax.

When you define an inner nested class (or interface) inside an interface, the nested class is declared implicitly public and static.

Static nested classes can be declared abstract or final.

Static nested classes can extend another class or it can be used as a base class.

Static nested classes can have static members.

Static nested classes can access the members of the outer class (only static members, obviously).

The outer class can also access the members (even private members) of the nested class through an object of nested class. If you don't declare an instance of the nested class, the outer class cannot access nested class elements directly.

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Q138. Explain Inner Classes ?

Core Java

Ans. The accessibility (public, protected, etc.) of the inner class is defined by the outer class.

Just like top-level classes, an inner class can extend a class or can implement interfaces.

Similarly, an inner class can be extended by other classes, and an inner interface can be implemented or extended by other classes or interfaces.

An inner class can be declared final or abstract.Inner classes can have inner classes, but you will have a hard time reading or understanding such complex nesting of classes.

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Q139. Explain Method Local Inner Classes ?

Core Java

Ans. You can create a non-static local class inside a body of code. Interfaces cannot have local classes, and you cannot create local interfaces.

Local classes are accessible only from the body of the code in which the class is defined. The local classes are completely inaccessible outside the body of the code in which the class is defined.

You can extend a class or implement interfaces while defining a local class.

A local class can access all the variables available in the body of the code in which it is defined. You can pass only final variables to a local inner class.

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Q140. Explain about anonymous inner classes ?

Core Java

Ans. Anonymous classes are defined in the new expression itself, so you cannot create multiple objects of an anonymous class.

You cannot explicitly extend a class or explicitly implement interfaces when defining an anonymous class.

An anonymous inner class is always created as part of a statement; don't forget to close the statement after the class definition with a curly brace. This is a rare case in Java, a curly brace followed by a semicolon.

Anonymous inner classes have no name, and their type must be either a subclass of the named type or an implementer of the named interface

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Q141. Can we create an object if a Class doesn't have any constructor ( not even the default provided by constructor ) ?

Ans. Yes , using Class.getInstance.

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Q142. Advantage of Collection classes over Arrays ?

Core Java

Ans. Collections are re-sizable in nature. We can increase or decrease the size as per recruitment.
Collections can hold both homogeneous and heterogeneous data's.
Every collection follows some standard data structures.
Collection provides many useful built in methods for traversing,sorting and search.

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Q143. What are the Disadvantages of using Collection Classes over Arrays ?

Core Java

Ans. Collections can only hold objects, It can't hold primitive data types.

Collections have performance overheads as they deal with objects and offer dynamic memory expansion. This dynamic expansion could be a bigger overhead if the collection class needs consecutive memory location like Vectors.

Collections doesn't allow modification while traversal as it may lead to concurrentModificationException.

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Frequently asked in Infosys and HCL Technologies ( Based on 2 feedback )

Q144. What are different ways of object creation in Java ?

Core Java

Ans. Using new operator - new xyzClass()

Using factory methods - xyzFactory.getInstance( )

Using newInstance( ) method - (Class.forName(xyzClass))emp.newInstance( )

By cloning an already available object - (xyzClass)obj1.clone( )

Sample Code for object initialization using clone

Sample Code for object initialization using getInstance

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Q145. What is a Class ?

Core Java

Ans. A class is a blue print or Mold using which individual objects are created. A class can contain fields and methods to describe the behavior of an object.

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Q146. What are the sub classes of Exception class?

Core Java

Ans. The Exception class has two main subclasses : IOException class and RuntimeException Class.

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Q147. What is the difference between the Reader/Writer class hierarchy and the InputStream/OutputStream class hierarchy?

Core Java

Ans. The Reader/Writer class hierarchy is character-oriented, and the InputStream/OutputStream class hierarchy is byte-oriented

Sample Code for InputStream

Sample Code for OutputStream

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Q148. What environment variables do I need to set on my machine in order to be able to run Java programs?

Ans. CLASSPATH and PATH are the two variables.

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Q149. What are different ways to create String Object? Explain.

Core Java

Ans. There are total six ways

1. literals

When we create a String using double quotes, JVM looks in the String pool to find if any other String is stored with same value. If found, it just returns the reference to that String object else it creates a new String object with given value and stores it in the String pool.

2. new keyword

When we use new operator, JVM creates the String object but dont store it into the String Pool. We can use intern() method to store the String object into String pool or return the reference if there is already a String with equal value present in the pool.

3. string buffer
4. string builder
5. System.out.println
6. char to string

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Q150. Write a method to check if input String is Palindrome?

Core Java

Ans. private static boolean isPalindrome(String str) {

if (str == null)
return false;

StringBuilder strBuilder = new StringBuilder(str);

strBuilder.reverse();

return strBuilder.toString().equals(str);

}

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