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Ans. The accessibility (public, protected, etc.) of the static nested class is defined by the outer class.
A static nested class is not an inner class, it's a top-level nested class.
The name of the static nested class is expressed with OuterClassName.NestedClassName syntax.
When you define an inner nested class (or interface) inside an interface, the nested class is declared implicitly public and static.
Static nested classes can be declared abstract or final.
Static nested classes can extend another class or it can be used as a base class.
Static nested classes can have static members.
Static nested classes can access the members of the outer class (only static members, obviously).
The outer class can also access the members (even private members) of the nested class through an object of nested class. If you don't declare an instance of the nested class, the outer class cannot access nested class elements directly.
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Ans. No. Even though "this" would mean a reference to current object id the method gets called using object reference but "this" would mean an ambiguity if the same static method gets called using Class name.
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Q36. Can we have default method with same name and signature in the derived Interface as the static method in base Interface and vice versa ?
Ans. Yes , we can do that as static methods are not accessible using references and hence cannot lead to conflict. We cannot do inverse as Default methods cannot be overridden with the static methods in derived interface.
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Q37. Shouldn't we make a class with all static members is its just expected to be executed as a standalone program with just one thread. Moreover Lets assume that there is no runtime Polymorphism required and there is no need for serialization ?
Ans. Still No in case we are making use of inheritance. we may have problem wherein we have program flow moving across common inherited method and specific methods of the derived class. call made to another static method in the parent class will only access the static class of the Parent class irrespective of the call from any of the derived class.
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Ans. Final makes sure that the value doesn't change after initialization and static makes sure that there is only one copy that can be shared across objects.
Making it non static will unnecessarily create a different copy per object wherein the same value will kept for all copies ( as its final and cannot be changed ).
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Q39. Can we initialize member variables within static block ?
Ans. Static block is like static method that gets executed upon class loading. The way static method allows accessing member variables ( using object references only ), the same static block can also access and initialize member variables.
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Q40. When are static and instance methods resolved ? During compile time or Runtime ?
Ans. Static methods are resolved during compile time and hence they cannot participate in runtime polymorphism. Instance methods are resolved during runtime.
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Q41. Which of the following is not the difference between Singleton and Static class ( Class with static members only ) ?
a. Only one object can be created for Singleton class whereas No objects are created for static class. b. Singleton class instance is initiated using new keyword whereas static class instance is created using static method. c. Singleton class can be serialized whereas Static class cannot be. d. Singleton Class can participate in runtime Polymorphism whereas Static class cannot.
Ans. Singleton class instance is initiated using new keyword whereas static class instance is created using static method.
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Q42. Which of the following do you think is the primary reason you would never use a static class even the application doesn't need multiple requests or threads ?
a. Serialization
b. Runtime Polymorphism
c. Lazy Loading
d. Memory
Ans. Runtime Polymorphism
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Ans. Static polymorphism is the polymorphic resolution identified at compile time and is achieved through function overloading whereas dynamic polymorphism is the polymorphic resolution identified at runtime and is achieved through method overriding.
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Ans. static methods and static elements are shared by all objects of a class and hence could create problem.
Static methods are not synchronized by default and hence could create problem when accessed through multiple threads. Static elements are shareable by class and hence state of one object could be altered by another object.
Some limitations with Unit testing as not all mocking framework facilitate mocking them. Power mock allows but Mockito doesn't
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Ans. Better Control - If the value is being used at multiple locations , that can be controlled better from single place. Any change would only require making single change.
Meaning , Aliasing and Better Readability - Sometimes its easy to read the value by its meaning or alias ( 0 as ZERO or 0 as NEUTRAL_VALUE ).
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Ans. static is the keyword that makes it accessible even without creating any object and using class name only. Making it non static would like creation of object upfront before calling the method.
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Ans. Though it's useful but it's not as useful as overriding member or object methods. We cannot achieve polymorphic behavior with static methods by overriding their definition in derived class.
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Q50. If we have to maintain a value "7" denoting "number of days in a week" as constant variable, Which of the following is the best constant name and Why ?
Constant should be such that it uniquely identifies the value it holds and context of the value. SEVEN uniquely identifies the value but doesn't express the context.
Though NUMBER_OF_DAYS_IN_WEEK and NUMBER_OF_DAYS_IN_WEEK_7 makes sense in terms of unique value identification and context but 7 at the end of constant name appears useless as all weeks have 7 days and hence it's the only value it can hold. If it would have been "number of days in a month", it would have made sense to include number of days at the end like
Q51. If we have to maintain a value "31" denoting "number of days in a month" as constant variable, Which of the following is the best constant name and Why ?
Constant should be such that it uniquely identifies the value it holds and context of the value. THIRTY_ONE uniquely identifies the value but doesn't express the context. NUMBER_OF_DAYS_IN_MONTH expresses the context but doesn't specify the value clearly as different month can have different number of days.
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Ans. Objective of constant variable is to provide a context to the value and provide a single point of change. In terms of context, i don't see much need for having constant name for null as null is already self explanatory. In terms of providing single point of change, it doesn't make much sense as it would necessitate that all such placeholders either hold null or a common value.
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Q53. Which of following is / are valid static final declaration ?
public static final String MAX_NUM = "10";
public static final Object NULL = null;
public static final MathContext MATH_CONTEXT = new MathContext(2,RoundingMode.CEILING);
Ans. yes, we can.
exa: public class Java{
public static void main(String... args) {
JAva j= null;
j.greeting(); // call with null reference
}
public static void greeting() {
System.out.println("Hello World");
}
} // output: Hello World
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