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Ans. Abstract classes provide a mechanism of interfacing ( using abstract method ) as well as inheritance ( extending abstract class ). So they should be used in place of interfaces in case there is some code ( methods ) or object body ( member elements ) that can be reused with inheritance. | ||||
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Ans. int findMax(int[] items){ int maxNumber = 0; for(int x:items){ if(x > maxNumber){ maxNumber = x; } } return maxNumber; } | ||||
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Ans. public void checkIfAnagram(String str1,String str2){ boolean anagram = true; for(char c:str1.toCharArray()){ if(!str2.contains(String.valueOf(c))){ System.out.println("Strings are Anagrams"); anagram = false; } if(anagram == true){ System.out.println("Strings are not Anagrams"); } } } | ||||
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Like Discuss Correct / Improve   check if 2 strings are Anagrams Asked in 30 Companies basic   frequent | ||||
Basic and Very Frequently asked. | ||||
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Ans. Polymorphism means the condition of occurring in several different forms. Polymorphism in Java is achieved in two manners 1. Static polymorphism is the polymorphic resolution identified at compile time and is achieved through function overloading whereas 2. Dynamic polymorphism is the polymorphic resolution identified at runtime and is achieved through method overriding. | ||||
Sample Code for overloading Sample Code for overriding | ||||
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Like Discuss Correct / Improve  polymorphism  object oriented programming (oops)  oops concepts  oops concepts Asked in 108 Companies Basic   frequent | ||||
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Frequently asked to Fresh graduates. | ||||
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Ans. http://algs4.cs.princeton.edu/11model/BinarySearch.java.html | ||||
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Ans. No. Static methods cannot be overridden and hence make no sense to be declared abstract. | ||||
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Ans. Car Engine is an example of encapsulation and abstraction. You ignite the car using an interface called starter and least bothered about how the tire actually moves (This is abstraction). The engine encapsulates the complete process to itself only and doesn't allow you to start the other components like the radiator etc ( this is excapsulation ) | ||||
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Like Discuss Correct / Improve  encapsulation  object oriented programming (oops)  oops concepts  abstraction  oops  oops features  java features Asked in 13 Companies | ||||
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Ans. A cookie is a small piece of text stored on a user's computer by the browser for a specific domain. Commonly used for authentication, storing site preferences, and server session identification. | ||||
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Like Discuss Correct / Improve  cookie   javascript   web application   session management   browser   j2ee Asked in 16 Companies basic   frequent | ||||
Very frequently asked. Among first few questions in almost all interviews. Among Top 5 frequently asked questions. Frequently asked in Indian service companies (HCL,TCS,Infosys,Capgemini etc based on multiple feedback ) and Epam Systems | ||||
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Ans. "equals" is the method of object class which is supposed to be overridden to check object equality, whereas "==" operator evaluate to see if the object handlers on the left and right are pointing to the same object in memory. x.equals(y) means the references x and y are holding objects that are equal. x==y means that the references x and y have same object. Sample code: String x = new String("str"); String y = new String("str"); System.out.println(x == y); // prints false System.out.println(x.equals(y)); // prints true | ||||
Sample Code for equals | ||||
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Advanced level question. Frequently asked in High end product companies. Frequently asked in Google , Cognizant and Deloitte ( Based on 2 feedback ) | ||||
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Ans. 1. String Pool - When a string is created and if it exists in the pool, the reference of the existing string will be returned instead of creating a new object. If string is not immutable, changing the string with one reference will lead to the wrong value for the other references. Example - String str1 = "String1"; String str2 = "String1"; // It doesn't create a new String and rather reuses the string literal from pool // Now both str1 and str2 pointing to same string object in pool, changing str1 will change it for str2 too 2. To Cache its Hashcode - If string is not immutable, One can change its hashcode and hence it's not fit to be cached. 3. Security - String is widely used as parameter for many java classes, e.g. network connection, opening files, etc. Making it mutable might possess threats due to interception by the other code segment. | ||||
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Like Discuss Correct / Improve  java   oops   string   string class   immutable  immutability   advanced Asked in 39 Companies expert   frequent | ||||
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Very frequently asked to Fresh graduates. | ||||
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Ans. 1.Abstraction solves the problem at design level while encapsulation solves the problem at implementation level 2.Abstraction is used for hiding the unwanted data and giving relevant data. while Encapsulation means hiding the code and data into a single unit to protect the data from outside world. 3. Abstraction lets you focus on what the object does instead of how it does it while Encapsulation means hiding the internal details or mechanics of how an object does something. 4.For example: Outer Look of a Television, like it has a display screen and channel buttons to change channel it explains Abstraction but Inner Implementation detail of a Television how CRT and Display Screen are connect with each other using different circuits , it explains Encapsulation. | ||||
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Ans. Abstract classes are only meant to be sub classed and not meant to be instantiated whereas concrete classes are meant to be instantiated. | ||||
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Like Discuss Correct / Improve  java   oops   abstract classes   Abstract vs Concrete Class Asked in 1 Companies basic   frequent | ||||
Very Frequently asked to fresh graduates and less experienced. Favorite question in Walk in drives. Frequently asked in Indian Services companies. | ||||
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Ans. Overloading - Similar Signature but different definition , like function overloading. Overriding - Overriding the Definition of base class in the derived class. | ||||
Sample Code for overloading Sample Code for overriding | ||||
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Ans. It in Java is used to indicate that a field should not be serialized. | ||||
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Like Discuss Correct / Improve  java   oops   serialization   transient   java keywords Asked in 39 Companies intermediate   frequent | ||||
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Very frequently asked in different variations. Frequently asked in Deloitte ( 2 feedback ) , HCL Tech ( 3 feedback ), TCS and Coginizant (CTS) | ||||
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Ans. If the Object value will not change, use String Class because a String object is immutable. If the Object value can change and will only be modified from a single thread, use StringBuilder because StringBuilder is unsynchronized(means faster). If the Object value may change, and can be modified by multiple threads, use a StringBuffer because StringBuffer is thread safe(synchronized). | ||||
Sample Code for String Sample Code for StringBuffer Sample Code for StringBuilder | ||||
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Ans. Factory Pattern deals with creation of objects delegated to a separate factory class whereas Abstract Factory patterns works around a super-factory which creates other factories. | ||||
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Ans. No Abstract methods can only be declared protected or public. | ||||
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Ans. Keep it as a Abstract Class if its a "Is a" Relationsship and should do subset/all of the functionality. Keep it as Interface if its a "Should Do" relationship. | ||||
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Like Discuss Correct / Improve  java   oops   abstract classes   interfaces   advanced Asked in 3 Companies | ||||
Very frequently asked. Favorite question in Walk in Drive of many Indian service companies. Frequently asked in HCL Technologies, TCS and Accenture. | ||||
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Ans. final - constant variable, objects cannot be de-referenced, restricting method overriding, restricting class sub classing. finally - handles exception. The finally block is optional and provides a mechanism to clean up regardless of what happens within the try block. Use the finally block to close files or to release other system resources like database connections, statements etc. finalize() - method helps in garbage collection. A method that is invoked before an object is discarded by the garbage collector, allowing it to clean up its state. | ||||
Sample Code for final Sample Code for finally Sample Code for finalize | ||||
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Very frequently asked.Usually among first few questions. | ||||
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Ans. MVC is a Design Pattern that facilititates loose coupling by segregating responsibilities in a Web application 1. Controller receives the requests and handles overall control of the request 2. Model holds majority of the Business logic, and 3. View comprise of the view objects and GUI component | ||||
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Frequently asked in Infosys and HCL Technologies ( Based on 2 feedback ) | ||||
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Ans. Using new operator - new xyzClass() Using factory methods - xyzFactory.getInstance( ) Using newInstance( ) method - (Class.forName(xyzClass))emp.newInstance( ) By cloning an already available object - (xyzClass)obj1.clone( ) | ||||
Sample Code for object initialization using clone Sample Code for object initialization using getInstance | ||||
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Ans. Implementation Hiding is a broader concept. Abstraction is a way of implementation hiding in OOP's. | ||||
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Ans. function calling - hides implementation details wrapper classes new operator - Creates object in memory, calls constructor | ||||
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Ans. Compile Time Error: Unhandled exception type Exception | ||||
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Ans. No. It gives the error "Cannot Instantiate the type Calendar". Calendar is an abstract class and hence Calendar object should be instantiated using Calendar.getInstance(). | ||||
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Ans. Date is not a abstract class whereas Calendar is. | ||||
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Very frequently asked. Favorite question in Walk in Drive of many Indian service companies. | ||||
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Ans. Underlying data structure for ArrayList is Array whereas LinkedList is the linked list and hence have following differences - 1. ArrayList needs continuous memory locations and hence need to be moved to a bigger space if new elements are to be added to a filled array which is not required for LinkedList. 2. Removal and Insertion at specific place in ArrayList requires moving all elements and hence leads to O(n) insertions and removal whereas its constant O(1) for LinkedList. 3. Random access using index in ArrayList is faster than LinkedList which requires traversing the complete list through references. 4. Though Linear Search takes Similar Time for both, Binary Search using LinkedList requires creating new Model called Binary Search Tree which is slower but offers constant time insertion and deletion. 5. For a set of integers you want to sort using quicksort, it's probably faster to use an array; for a set of large structures you want to sort using selection sort, a linked list will be faster. | ||||
Sample Code for ArrayList Sample Code for LinkedList | ||||
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Frequently asked at Manhattan Associates ( Based on 2 feedback ) | ||||
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Ans. Its an anonymous method without any declaration. Lambda Expression are useful to write shorthand Code and hence saves the effort of writing lengthy Code. It promotes Developer productivity, Better Readable and Reliable code. | ||||
Sample Code for lambda | ||||
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Ans. No. It will give the compilation error saying "The abstract method test in type BuggyBread1 can only be defined by an abstract class". We need to declare the class abstract for it to have any abstract method. | ||||
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Ans. No. This will give a compilation error saying "Abstract methods do not specify a body". | ||||
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