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Frequently asked in Genpact.
 Q41. What is object cloning ?Core Java
Ans. Its is the process of creating exact copy of an object being cloned. In Object class one native method called clone() is there which is meant for Shallow Cloning of Object. Shallow cloning means bitwise copy of an object.In case of primitive data type it will create an exact copy of primitive values as well as variables but if the object contains any reference of an object then it will not copy the referenced object rather it will create the copy of reference variable and assigned it to the old object.

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   Like         Discuss         Correct / Improve     cloning     Asked in 3 Companies      basic        frequent

  Q42. Explain OOps concepts.Core Java
Ans. There are four main OOP concepts in Java. These are:

Abstraction. Abstraction means using simple things to represent complexity. We all know how to turn the TV on, but we don?t need to know how it works in order to enjoy it. In Java, abstraction means simple things like objects, classes, and variables represent more complex underlying code and data. This is important because it lets avoid repeating the same work multiple times.

Encapsulation. This is the practice of keeping fields within a class private, then providing access to them via public methods. It?s a protective barrier that keeps the data and code safe within the class itself. This way, we can re-use objects like code components or variables without allowing open access to the data system-wide.

Inheritance. This is a special feature of Object Oriented Programming in Java. It lets programmers create new classes that share some of the attributes of existing classes. This lets us build on previous work without reinventing the wheel.

Polymorphism. This Java OOP concept lets programmers use the same word to mean different things in different contexts. One form of polymorphism in Java is method overloading. That?s when different meanings are implied by the code itself. The other form is method overriding. That?s when the different meanings are implied by the values of the supplied variables. See more on this below.

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 Q43. Difference between JVM, JRE and JDK ?Core Java
Ans. JDK(Java Development kit) = Development Kit comprising of JVM , library and development tools for developers

JRE (Java Run time Environment) - Comprise of JVM and set of libraries

JVM(Java Virtual Machine) = Interpreter which reads the .class file line by line.

When we install JDK, JRE also get installed so we can write,compile and excute our code. Used by developer. Without JDK we can only execute the program using JRE.

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 Q44. What is abstraction ?Design
Ans. Abstraction is a process of hiding the implementation details and describing only the functionality to the user.

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 Q45. What is the difference between SDLC and Agile ?Process
Ans. Here are the differences between Agile and Waterfall Methodology:

The software development process is divided into different phases in the Waterfall model while Agile methodology segregates the project development lifecycle into sprints

Waterfall is a structured software development methodology, and often times can be quite rigid, whereas the Agile methodology is known for its flexibility

According to the Waterfall model, software development is to be completed as one single project, which is then divided into different phases, with each phase appearing only once during the SDLC. However, the Agile methodology can be considered as a collection of many different projects, which are nothing but the iterations of the different phases focusing on improving the overall software quality with feedback from users or the QA team

If you want to use the Waterfall model for software development, then you have to be clear with all the development requirements beforehand as there is no scope of changing the requirements once the project development starts. The Agile methodology, on the other hand, is quite flexible, and allows for changes to be made in the project development requirements even after the initial planning has been completed

All the project development phases such as designing, development, testing, etc. are completed once in the Waterfall model while as part of the Agile methodology, they follow an iterative development approach.

As a result, planning, development, prototyping and other software development phases can appear more than once during the entire SDLC One of the major differences between Agile and Waterfall development methodology is their individual approach towards quality and testing.

In the Waterfall model, the Testing phase comes after the Build phase, but, in the Agile methodology, testing is typically performed concurrently with programming or at least in the same iteration as programming

While Waterfall methodology is an internal process and does not require the participation of customers, the Agile software development approach focuses on customer satisfaction and thus, involves the participation of customers throughout the development phase

The Waterfall model can be regarded as a stringently sequential process, however, the Agile methodology is a highly collaborative software development process, thereby leading to better team input and faster problem solving

The Waterfall model is best suited for projects which have clearly defined requirements and in which change is not expected at all, while Agile development supports a process in which the requirements are expected to change and evolve. Thus, if you are planning to develop a software that would require frequent overhauls and has to keep up with the technology landscape and customer requirements, Agile is the best approach to follow

The Waterfall model exhibits a project mindset and lays its focus strictly on the completion of project development, while Agile introduces a product mindset that focuses on ensuring that the developed product satisfies its end customers, and changes itself as the requisites of customers change

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 Q46. Which immutable classes have you worked with ? Can you name some immutable Collections ? How to make an immutable collection ?Core Java
Ans. string and wrapper class objects

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 Q47. Explain Generics in Java ?Core Java
Ans. Generics are a facility of generic programming that were added to the Java programming language in 2004 within J2SE5.0. They allow "a type or method to operate on objects of various types while providing compile-time type safety.

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 Q48. Write code to find second largest number in an array of integers.Core Java
Ans. int arr[]={1,3,5,6,4,8,9,2,10};
Arrays.sort();
System.out.println(arr[arr.length-1]);

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 Q49. How to calculate lcm of two numbers ?Core Java
 This question was recently asked at 'HCL Tech'.This question is still unanswered. Can you please provide an answer.


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 Q50. Difference between constructor and setter injection ?Spring
Ans. 1. In Setter Injection, partial injection of dependencies can possible, means if we have 3 dependencies like int, string, long, then its not necessary to inject all values if we use setter injection. If you are not inject it will takes default values for those primitives1. In constructor injection, partial injection of dependencies cannot possible, because for calling constructor we must pass all the arguments right, if not so we may get error

2. Setter Injection will overrides the constructor injection value, provided if we write setter and constructor injection for the same property [i already told regarding this, hope you remember ] But, constructor injection cannot overrides the setter injected values

3. If we have more dependencies for example 15 to 20 are there in our bean class then, in this case setter injection is not recommended as we need to write almost 20 setters right, bean length will increase. In this case, Constructor injection is highly recommended, as we can inject all the dependencies with in 3 to 4 lines [i mean, by calling one constructor]

4. Setter injection makes bean class object as mutable [We can change ] .Constructor injection makes bean class object as immutable [We cannot change ]

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   Like         Discuss         Correct / Improve     spring  dependency injection   inversion of control     Asked in 3 Companies

  Q51. Explain OOPs

or

Explain OOPs Principles

or

Explain OOPs Concepts

or

Explain OOPs features

or

Tell me something about OOPs		Core Java
Ans. OOPs or Object Oriented Programming is a Programming model which is organized around Objects instead of processes. Instead of a process calling series of processes, this model stresses on communication between objects. Objects that all self sustained, provide security by encapsulating it's members and providing abstracted interfaces over the functions it performs. OOP's facilitate the following features

1. Inheritance for Code Reuse
2. Abstraction for modularity, maintenance and agility
3. Encapsulation for security and protection
4. Polymorphism for flexibility and interfacing

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 Q52. What is Amazon EC2 ?Amazon Web Services (AWS)
Ans. Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud or EC2 provides scalable computing capacity in the AWS cloud. It can be used to create Virtual Environments , storage and configure. EC2 enables to upgrade or downgrade infrastructure according to the rules defined ( with fluctuation in latency, traffic etc )

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 Q53. Is synchronized a keyword , modifier, identifier? what is it ?Core Java
Ans. synchronized is a keyword and a modifier. The synchronized keyword is used to indicate that a method can be accessed exclusively by one thread at a time.

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 Q54. What is Amazon S3 ?Amazon Web Services (AWS)
Ans. Amazon Simple Storage Service or S3 is object storage with a simple web service interface to store and retrieve any amount of data from anywhere on the web.

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Frequently asked Spring interview question.
 Q55. What are the components of Spring framework ?Spring
Ans. Core: [Core, Bean, Context, Expression Language]

Web: [Web, Portlet, Servlet, etc]

Data Access [JMS, JDBC, etc]

AOP, Aspect

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 Q56. Write a Program to print duplicate words in a StringCore Java
Ans. public class BuggyBread {
public static void main(String args[]) {
String str = "we are what we repeatedly Do excellence, then, is not an act but a haBit";
Set<String> words = new HashSet();
for(String word:str.split(" ")){
if(words.contains(word)){
System.out.println(word);
} else {
words.add(word);
}
}
}
}

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 Q57. What are the different primitive data types in Java ?Core Java
Ans. boolean
byte
char
double
float
int
long
short
void

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 Q58. How and Why Strings are interned in Java ?Core Java
Ans. String class has a public method intern() that returns a canonical representation for the string object. String class privately maintains a pool of strings, where String literals are automatically interned.

these are automatically interned so as to have efficient String comparison using == operator instead of equals which is usually slower.

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  Q59. What is the difference between authentication and authorization ?Authentication
Ans. Authentication is the process of verifying the identity and credentials of the user to authenticate him into the system.

whereas

Authorization is the process by which access to a segment , method or resource is determined.

Authorization is usually a step next to authentication.

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 Q60. Who invokes a thread's run method ?Core Java
Ans. After a thread is started using a call to start method, JVM invokes the thread’s run method when the thread is initially executed.

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 Q61. Is exit a keyword in Java ?Core Java
Ans. No exit is a method to exit execution of a program.

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 Q62. Is delete a keyword in Java ?Core Java
Ans. No, delete is not a keyword in Java. Destruction of objects is taken care by Java Garbage Collection mechanism.

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 Q63. How does Java handle integer overflows and underflows?Core Java
Ans. It uses those low order bytes of the result that can fit into the size of the type allowed by the operation.

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 Q64. What are the different ways to handle an exception ?Core Java
Ans. 1. Wrap the desired code in try block followed by a catch / finally to catch the exception

2. Declare the throws clause with exceptions that the code is expected to throw as an indication to the calling method to take care of it.

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 Q65. Is there a way to know size of an object in Java ?Core Java
Ans. No, Java doesn't have a sizeOf operator. In C / C++ , its required to determine how much memory allocation is required which is not the case with Java. Java handles memory allocation and deallocation intrinsically.

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 Q66. Can we declare static variables as transient ?Core Java
Ans. It's weird that compiler doesn't complain if we declare transient with static variable because it makes no sense. At least a warning message saying "transient is useless in this situation" would have helped with code cleaning.

Static variables are never serialized and transient is an indication that the specified variable shouldn't be serialized so its kind of double enforcement not to serialize.

It could be that as it makes no different to the variable behavior and hence using both keywords with a variable are permitted.

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 Q67. Which elements of a class are ignored during serialization ?Core Java
Ans. 1. Objects are serialized and not classes and hence Static variables are ignored.

2. Transient is an explicit declaration to ignore the variable during serialization and hence transient instance variables are ignored too.

3. Base class instance variables if the base class hasn't been declared serializable.

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   Like         Discuss         Correct / Improve     serialization     Asked in 1 Companies      intermediate        frequent
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 Q68. What is the default value of a declared object reference ?Core Java
Ans. Null

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 Q69. Is it a good practice to use Asterick(*) in import statement to load multiple packages with single import statement ?Core Java
Ans. No, we should be lean in loading only packages which are required. Loading packages which are not being used result in memory overheads.

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 Q70. Does importing a package imports all its sub packages too ?Core Java
Ans. No, but we can use wild card (*) to do so

For example -

import java.util.*

will import all packages with name starting with java.util

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