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Ans. ACID stands for Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability is a set of properties of database transactions.
Atomicity means all or nothing. i.e parts of a transaction shouldn't commit if any one of them fails. Either the whole transaction should succeed or it should be complete rollback.
Consistency means that any transaction should lead database from one stabe state to another.
Isolation means that the execution of transaction results in a system state that would be obtained if transactions were executed serially.
Durability means that when a transaction is committed it forms the permanent state of database.
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Ans. The prototype pattern is a creational design pattern. It is used when the type of objects to create is determined by a prototypical instance, which is cloned to produce new objects. Prototype is used when we need duplicate copies of objects.
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Ans. PUT requests are only meant to place the object as it is on server. For example - You want a file to be uploaded and then placed in a particular folder or you want an Employee object to be persisted in the table.
POST requests are also meant to transfer information from client to server but that information once received at the server is evaluated , modified or refactored before persisting.
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Ans. Earlier any class implementing an interface was supposed to implement all methods declared in an interface. There was no place for optionally implementing all or subset of methods.Though we have abstract classes wherein we could have provided such a mechanism by declaring some methods as abstract while providing definition for some. But as Abstract classes have a body and are comparatively heavier than interfaces and interfaces associate closely to the concept of providing interfacing than abstract classes, Java might have though of providing optional implementation for default methods. This way same interface can be reused in variety of ways rather than making copies of an interface to suit different needs.
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Ans. A cookie is a small piece of text stored on a user's computer by the browser for a specific domain. Commonly used for authentication, storing site preferences, and server session identification.
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Ans. They are different the way their elements are stored in memory. TreeMap stores the Keys in order whereas HashMap stores the key value pairs randomly.
Ans. Checked exceptions are the exceptions for which compiler throws an errors if they are not checked whereas unchecked exceptions are caught during run time only and hence can't be checked.
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Ans. Its a method which cannot be overridden. Compiler throws an error if we try to override a method which has been declared final in the parent class.
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Ans. String pool (String intern pool) is a special storage area in Java heap. When a string is created and if the string already exists in the pool, the reference of the existing string will be returned, instead of creating a new object and returning its reference.
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Ans. 1. Stack Segment - Contains primitives, Class / Interface names and references.
2. Heap Segment - Contains all created objects in runtime, objects only plus their object attributes (instance variables), Static variables are also stored in heap.
3. Code Segment - The segment where the actual compiled Java bytecodes resides when loaded
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Ans. There are two types of casting, casting between primitive numeric types and casting between object references. Casting between numeric types is used to convert larger values, such as double values, to smaller values, such as byte values. Casting between object references is used to refer to an object by a compatible class, interface, or array type reference
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Ans. 1.Abstraction solves the problem at design level while encapsulation solves the problem at implementation level
2.Abstraction is used for hiding the unwanted data and giving relevant data. while Encapsulation means hiding the code and data into a single unit to protect the data from outside world.
3. Abstraction lets you focus on what the object does instead of how it does it while Encapsulation means hiding the internal details or mechanics of how an object does something.
4.For example: Outer Look of a Television, like it has a display screen and channel buttons to change channel it explains Abstraction but Inner Implementation detail of a Television how CRT and Display Screen are connect with each other using different circuits , it explains Encapsulation.
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Ans. An interface without any method declaration is called as marker interface. there are 3 in-built interfaces in JVM i.e. serializable, clonable, remote
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