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Frequently asked to fresh graduates.
 Q11. What is ACID ?Database
Ans. ACID stands for Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability is a set of properties of database transactions.

Atomicity means all or nothing. i.e parts of a transaction shouldn't commit if any one of them fails. Either the whole transaction should succeed or it should be complete rollback.

Consistency means that any transaction should lead database from one stabe state to another.

Isolation means that the execution of transaction results in a system state that would be obtained if transactions were executed serially.

Durability means that when a transaction is committed it forms the permanent state of database.

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   Like         Discuss         Correct / Improve     database  acid     Asked in 7 Companies      Intermediate
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 Q12. Difference between Static and Singleton Class ?Core Java
Ans. 1. Static class is a class which cannot be instantiated and all its members are static whereas Singleton is the class that only permit creation of single object and then the object is reused.

2. As there is no object in Static class, it cannot participate in runtime Polymorphism.

3. As Static class doesnt allow creating objects and hence it cannot be serialized.

4. Static class body is initialized eagerly at application load time whereas Singleton object can be initiated eagerly using static blocks or lazily on first need.

5. Its not recommended to use pure static class as it fails to use many OOPs concepts.

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   Like         Discuss         Correct / Improve     Static Class  Singleton  Static Class vs Singleton     Asked in 3 Companies      Intermediate        frequent

Very frequently asked in companies using SOA.
  Q13. What are RESTful Web Services ?Rest
Ans. REST or Representational State Transfer is a flexible architecture style for creating web services that recommends the following guidelines -

1. http for client server communication,
2. XML / JSON as formatiing language ,
3. Simple URI as address for the services and,
4. stateless communication.

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   Like         Discuss         Correct / Improve     java   web services   rest   java   j2ee  architecture     Asked in 14 Companies      intermediate        frequent

Almost sure to be asked in every company using any Dependency Injection framework ( Spring, Guice etc )
  Q14. What is Dependency Injection or IOC ( Inversion of Control ) ?Design
Ans. It is a Design Pattern that facilitates loose coupling by sending the dependency information ( object references of dependent object ) while building the state of the object. Objects are designed in a manner where they receive instances of the objects from other pieces of code, instead of constructing them internally and hence provide better flexibility.

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   Like         Discuss         Correct / Improve     design patterns   ioc ( Inversion of Control )  dependency injection     Asked in 83 Companies      intermediate        frequent

 Q15. Does Constructor creates the object ?Core Java
Ans. New operator in Java creates objects. Constructor is the later step in object creation. Constructor's job is to initialize the members after the object has reserved memory for itself.

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Frequently asked question for intermediate developers. Frequently asked in HCL Technologies and EPAM.
  Q16. What is Volatile keyword used for ?Core Java
Ans. Volatile is a declaration that a variable can be accessed by multiple threads and hence shouldnt be cached.

  Sample Code for volatile

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 Q17. What do you look for when you do code review ?Core Java
Ans. Modularity - First sign of good code is whether it has been segregated into methods and classes appropriately. I dont mind it in excess because I believe that is forward looking strategy as applications tends to expand and eventually become hard to read.

Self Explanatory - Variables and methods should be named in a way that the code should be self explanatory even without comments. Use of Constant variables to explain use of literal.

Proper Code Reuse - If there is anything being reused , it should be moved to parent classes / methods.

Proper composition calls - Composed hierarchy should not be access in just single line. One or two levels is ok but having multiple levels make it hard to read and debug.

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   Like         Discuss         Correct / Improve     code review  clean code     Asked in 1 Companies      intermediate        frequent

Frequently asked to fresh graduates and less experienced developers.
 Q18. Explain multithreading in Java ?Core Java
Ans. 1. Multithreading provides better interaction with the user by distribution of task

2. Threads in Java appear to run concurrently, so it provides simulation for simultaneous activities.The processor runs each thread for a short time and switches among the threads to simulate sim-ultaneous execution (context-switching) and it make appears that each thread has its own processor.By using this feature, users can make it appear as if multiple tasks are occurring simultaneously when, in fact, each is running for only a brief time before the context is switched to the next thread.

3. We can do other things while waiting for slow I/O operations.In the java.iopackage, the class InputStreamhas a method, read(), that blocks until a byte is read from the stream or until an IOExceptionis thrown. The thread that executes this method cannot do anything elsewhile awaiting the arrival of another byte on the stream.

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   Like         Discuss         Correct / Improve     java   threads   multi threading  concurrency   multithreading     Asked in 5 Companies      intermediate        frequent
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 Q19. what is the use of cookie and session ? and What is the difference between them ?Java EE
Ans. Cookie and Session are used to store the user information. Cookie stores user information on client side and Session does it on server side. Primarily, Cookies and Session are used for authentication, user preferences, and carrying information across multiple requests. Session is meant for the same purpose as the cookie does. Session does it on server side and Cookie does it on client side. One more thing that quite differentiates between Cookie and Session. Cookie is used only for storing the textual information. Session can be used to store both textual information and objects.

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   Like         Discuss         Correct / Improve     session   session management   java   cookies   authentication   web application   ebay      intermediate

 Q20. How to implement an immutable class ?Core Java
Ans. We can make a class immutable by

1. Making all methods and variables as private.

2. Setting variables within constructor.

Public Class ImmutableClass{

private int member;
ImmutableClass(int var){
member=var;
}
}

and then we can initialize the object of the class as

ImmutableClass immutableObject = new ImmutableClass(5);

Now all members being private , you cant change the state of the object.

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   Like         Discuss         Correct / Improve     java   oops   immutable  immutability   immutable  immutability class   technical lead     Asked in 5 Companies      intermediate        frequent
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 Q21. What things you would care about to improve the performance of Application if its identified that its DB communication that needs to be improved ?Solution
Ans. 1. Query Optimization ( Query Rewriting , Prepared Statements )

2. Restructuring Indexes.

3. DB Caching Tuning ( if using ORM )

4. Identifying the problems ( if any ) with the ORM Strategy ( If using ORM )

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   Like         Discuss         Correct / Improve     java   db   database   hibernate   orm   at&t   overstock.com   performance improvement   architecture   technical lead   architect      intermediate

 Q22. Which elements of a class are ignored during serialization ?Core Java
Ans. 1. Objects are serialized and not classes and hence Static variables are ignored.

2. Transient is an explicit declaration to ignore the variable during serialization and hence transient instance variables are ignored too.

3. Base class instance variables if the base class hasn't been declared serializable.

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   Like         Discuss         Correct / Improve     serialization     Asked in 1 Companies      intermediate        frequent
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 Q23. When are static variables loaded in memory ?Core Java
Ans. They are loaded at runtime when the respective Class is loaded.

  Sample Code for static variable

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   Like         Discuss         Correct / Improve     java   oops   static   static variable   memory      intermediate

 Q24. Can we serialize static variables ?Core Java
Ans. No. Only Object and its members are serialized. Static variables are shared variables and doesn't correspond to a specific object.

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  Q25. What is the use of Transient Keyword ?Core Java
Ans. It in Java is used to indicate that a field should not be serialized.

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   Like         Discuss         Correct / Improve     java   oops   serialization   transient   java keywords     Asked in 39 Companies      intermediate        frequent
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Very frequently asked in phone and walk in interviews.
  Q26. What are Marker Interfaces ? Name few Java marker interfaces ?Core Java
Ans. An interface without any method declaration is called as marker interface. there are 3 in-built interfaces in JVM i.e. serializable, clonable, remote

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 Q27. When do you get ClassCastException?

or

What is ClassCastException ?
Ans. As we only downcast class in the hierarchy, The ClassCastException is thrown to indicate that code has attempted to cast an object to a subclass of which it is not an instance.

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 Q28. what is fail fast and Fail Safe in collections?Core Java
Ans. Iterators in java are used to iterate over the Collection objects.

Fail-Fast iterators immediately throw ConcurrentModificationException if there is any addition, removal or updation of any element.

Fail-Safe iterators don't throw any exception if a collection is structurally modified while iterating over it. This is because, they operate on the clone of the collection and not on the original collection.

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   Like         Discuss         Correct / Improve     ail fast   fail saf     Asked in 9 Companies      intermediate

 Q29. What is comparator interface used for ?Core Java
Ans. The purpose of comparator interface is to compare objects of the same class to identify the sorting order. Sorted Collection Classes ( TreeSet, TreeMap ) have been designed such to look for this method to identify the sorting order, that is why class need to implement Comparator interface to qualify its objects to be part of Sorted Collections.

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  Q30. Can we overload main method in Java ?Core Java
Ans. Yes, but the overloaded main methods without single String[] argument doesn't get any special status by the JVM. They are just another methods that needs to be called explicitly.

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 Q31. What is ConcurrentModificationException ?Core Java
Ans. This is the exception that is thrown when we try to modify the non concurrent collection class while iterating through it.

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 Q32.  What is the role of JSON.stringify ?Json
Ans.  JSON.stringify() turns an object into a JSON text and stores that JSON text in a string. 

So If we stringfy above notation , it will become

{"name":"xyz","gender":"male";"age":30}

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 Q33. Can I import same package/class twice? Will the JVM load the package twice at runtime?Core Java
Ans. One can import the same package or same class multiple times. Neither compiler nor JVM complains wil complain about it. And the JVM will internally load the class only once no matter how many times you import the same class.

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 Q34. Can we override static methods ? Why ?Core Java
Ans. No.

Static methods belong to the class and not the objects. They belong to the class and hence doesn't fit properly for the polymorphic behavior.

A static method is not associated with any instance of a class so the concept of overriding for runtime polymorphism using static methods is not applicable.

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 Q35. Different types of memory used by JVM ?Core Java
Ans. Class , Heap , Stack , Register , Native Method Stack.

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 Q36. Can we declare an abstract method private ?
Ans. No Abstract methods can only be declared protected or public.

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 Q37. What is Externalizable interface?Core Java
Ans. Externalizable is an interface which contains two methods readExternal and writeExternal. These methods give you a control over the serialization mechanism.

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 Q38. Difference between new operator and Class.forName().newInstance() ?
Ans. new operator is used to statically create an instance of object. newInstance() is used to create an object dynamically ( like if the class name needs to be picked from configuration file ). If you know what class needs to be initialized , new is the optimized way of instantiating Class.

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 Q39. What are the pre-requisite for the collection to perform Binary Search ?
Ans. 1. Collection should have an index for random access.
2. Collection should have ordered elements.

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   Like         Discuss         Correct / Improve     java   collections   search algorithm   search   binary search   at&t      intermediate

 Q40. What will be the output of following Code ?

class BuggyBread {
   public static void main(String[] args) {
      String s2 = "I am unique!";
      String s5 = "I am unique!";

      System.out.println(s2 == s5);
   }
}		Core Java
Ans. true, due to String Pool, both will point to a same String object.

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