Interview Questions and Answers for 'Cla' | Search Interview Question

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Q61. What are the design considerations while making a choice between using interface and abstract class ?

Ans. Keep it as a Abstract Class if its a "Is a" Relationsship and should do subset/all of the functionality. Keep it as Interface if its a "Should Do" relationship.

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Q62. what is the difference between collections class vs collections interface ?

Core Java

Ans. Collections class is a utility class having static methods for doing operations on objects of classes which implement the Collection interface. For example, Collections has methods for finding the max element in a Collection.

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Q63. How are classes loaded by JVM ?

Core Java

Ans. Class loaders are hierarchical. The very first class is specially loaded with the help of static main() method declared in your class. All the subsequently loaded classes are loaded by the classes, which are already loaded and running.

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Q64. Difference between static vs. dynamic class loading?

Core Java

Ans. static loading - Classes are statically loaded with Java new operator.

dynamic class loading - Dynamic loading is a technique for programmatically invoking the functions of a class loader at run time.

Class.forName (Test className);

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Q65. Advantage of Collection classes over Arrays ?

Core Java

Ans. Collections are re-sizable in nature. We can increase or decrease the size as per recruitment.
Collections can hold both homogeneous and heterogeneous data's.
Every collection follows some standard data structures.
Collection provides many useful built in methods for traversing,sorting and search.

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Q66. Write a method to check if input String is Palindrome?

Core Java

Ans. private static boolean isPalindrome(String str) {

if (str == null)
return false;

StringBuilder strBuilder = new StringBuilder(str);

strBuilder.reverse();

return strBuilder.toString().equals(str);

}

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Q67. Write a method that will remove given character from the String?

Core Java

Ans.

private static String removeChar(String str, char c) {    

   if (str == null)        

      return null;     

   

   return str.replaceAll(Character.toString(c), "");

}

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Q68. Why String is popular HashMap key in Java?

Core Java

Ans. Since String is immutable, its hashcode is cached at the time of creation and it doesnt need to be calculated again. This makes it a great candidate for key in a Map and its processing is fast than other HashMap key objects. This is why String is mostly used Object as HashMap keys.

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Q69. What does String intern() method do?

Core Java

Ans. intern() method keeps the string in an internal cache that is usually not garbage collected.

Moreover provide reference for scp object for corresponding string object present in heap memory.

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Q70. How substring() method of String class create memory leaks?

Core Java

Ans. substring method would build a new String object keeping a reference to the whole char array, to avoid copying it. Hence you can inadvertently keep a reference to a very big character array with just a one character string.

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Q71. Write a program to reverse a string iteratively and recursively ?

Core Java

Ans. Using String method -

new StringBuffer(str).reverse().toString();

Iterative -

public static String getReverseString(String str){
StringBuffer strBuffer = new StringBuffer(str.length);
for(int counter=str.length -1 ; counter>=0;counter--){
strBuffer.append(str.charAt(counter));
}
return strBuffer;
}

Recursive -

public static String getReverseString(String str){
if(str.length <= 1){
return str;
}
return (getReverseString(str.subString(1)) + str.charAt(0);
}

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Q72. Difference between new operator and Class.forName().newInstance() ?

Ans. new operator is used to statically create an instance of object. newInstance() is used to create an object dynamically ( like if the class name needs to be picked from configuration file ). If you know what class needs to be initialized , new is the optimized way of instantiating Class.

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Q73. What are the restrictions for the entity classes ?

Hibernate

Ans. 1. Entity classes should have default constructor.

2. Entity classes should be declared non final.

3. All elements to be persisted should be declared private and should have public getters and setters in the Java Bean style.

4. All classes should have an ID that maps to Primary Key for the table.

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Q74. How is Abstraction implemented in Java ?

Core Java

Ans. Abstraction is provided in Java by following ways -

Coding to the ( Interfaces / Abstract Classes ) or contracts

By Encapsulating details within classes and exposing the minimal Door ( few public methods )

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Q75. Which of the following cannot be marked static ?

a. Constructors , Classes ( Outer ) , Classes ( nested ), Interfaces , Local variables , Inner Class methods and instance variables.
b. Constructors , Classes ( Outer ) , Interfaces , Local variables , Class variables , Class Methods , Inner Class methods and instance variables.
c. Constructors , Classes ( Outer ) , Interfaces , Local variables , Inner Class methods and instance variables.
d. Constructors , Classes ( Outer ) , Classes (Nested), Interfaces , Local variables , Inner Class methods and instance variables

Ans. Constructors , Classes ( Outer ) , Interfaces , Local variables , Inner Class methods and instance variables.

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Q76. What is a Database Trigger ?

Database

Ans. A trigger is a special kind of stored procedure that automatically gets executed upon an event in the database server.

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Q77. What is a self Join and give an example of a self Join ?

or

What is self Join and What is it's purpose ?

Database

Ans. When a Table Join itself , it's a Self Join. For example - we like to know the pair of department names where first dept has lesser employees than the later.

Select D1.name , D2.name from Dept D1, Dept D2 where D1.employee_count < D2.employee_count

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Q78. Explain System.out.println ?

Core Java

Ans. System is a class within java.lang package that contains several useful class fields and methods. It cannot be instantiated and hence can use only statically.even in this case this has been used statically i.e with class name itself and without creating an instance.

out is the static reference of Printstream declared as following in the System Class -

public final static PrintStream out = null;

println is the method of PrintStream class.

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Q79. If everything is an object , Cant we declare every object as

Object obj = new String();

Core Java

Ans. Yes, we can do that. Compiler wont complain. But using object reference we can only access methods which have been defined for object class i.e clone(), equals(), hashCode(), toString() etc.

We cannot access methods defined in String class or in any class in hierarchy between String and Object.

For example - we cannot do obj.append("abc") as it will now give compile time error.

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Q80. Can we override wait() or notify() methods?

Core Java

Ans. wait and notify are declared final in object class and hence cannot be overridden.

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Q81. Do you prefer using var args ?

Core Java

Ans. Though var args are used rarely but they are pretty useful if a method is expected to receive variable number of arguments. For example - it's pretty useful for the main method as the caller has the flexibility to provide arguments in infinite ways.It provides a convenience and flexibility to the caller.

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Q82. What is abstraction ?

Design

Ans. Abstraction is a process of hiding the implementation details and describing only the functionality to the user.

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Q83. Can we have multiple inheritance in java using abstract class ?

Core Java

Ans. No

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Q84. Does use of Final class enforces composition over Inheritance in Java ?

Core Java

Ans. Yes, to a certain extent. But the objective for Final class could be beyond just enforcing composition as certain classes might have been created without inheritance or composition in mind.

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Q85. What could be the reasons for restricting inheritance using final class ?

Core Java

Ans. 1. Enforcing composition over inheritance
2. Restricting overriding of certain methods
3. Final methods are faster than regular instance methods
4. Enforcing Immutability

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Q86. Difference between Base Class, Derived Class , Abstract Class and Concrete Class ?

Core Java

Ans. Base Class is a relative term used to signify the Parent class in Parent - Child or Base - derived relationship.

Derived Class is a relative term used to signify the Child class in Parent - Child or Base - derived relationship.

Abstract Class is a class that is not allowed to be instantiated and hence can serve only a base class for it's usage.

Concrete Class is the class which is supposed to be instantiated and hence provide definition for all implementing interface methods and extending abstract methods.

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Q87. What is servlet Chaining ?

Java EE

Ans. Multiple servlets serving the request in chain.

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Very frequently asked. Usually asked in this format or as difference with interfaces / concrete classes.

Q88. What is an abstract class ?

Core Java

Ans. Abstract class is the class that is not supposed to be instantiated. The purpose of the class to only have extension to the derived class.

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Q89. Difference between long.Class and Long.TYPE ?

Ans. They both represent the long primitive type. They are exactly the same.

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Q90. Explain use of nested or inner classes ?

Core Java

Ans. Sometime we just need classes or class objects just to be used as part of a particular class or objects. Making them non nested won't make any difference as far as functionality is concerner but making them Nested provide a level of convenience and protection fro, being used anywhere else. Moreover it helps reducing the Code.

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