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 Q181. What is Generalization and Specialization in terms of casting ?Core Java
Ans. Generalization or UpCasting is a phenomenon where a sub class is prompted to a super class, and hence becomes more general. Generalization needs widening or up-casting. Specialization or DownCasting is a phenomenon where a super class is narrowed down to a sub class. Specialization needs narrowing or down-casting.

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   Like         Discuss         Correct / Improve     java   data types   casting  type casting   up casting  type casting   downcasting  type casting   generalization   specialization     Asked in 2 Companies


 Q182. Can we call the garbage collector explicitly ?Core Java
Ans. Yes, We can call garbage collector directly but it doesn't guarantees that the gc will start executing immediately. This gc( ) method appears in both Runtime and System classes of java.lang package.

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   Like         Discuss         Correct / Improve     java   garbage collection   java memory management   jvm   gc   yes no     Asked in 4 Companies      expert

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 Q183. Similarity and Difference between static block and static method ?Core Java
Ans. Both belong to the class as a whole and not to the individual objects. Static methods are explicitly called for execution whereas Static block gets executed when the Class gets loaded by the JVM.

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   Like         Discuss         Correct / Improve     java   oops   static   static method   static block   difference between   similarity      basic        frequent

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 Q184. How Java provide high Performance ?Core Java
Ans. Java uses Just-In-Time compiler to enable high performance. Just-In-Time compiler is a program that turns Java bytecode into instructions that can be sent directly to the processor.

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   Like         Discuss         Correct / Improve     java   compiler   jvm   bytecode   justintime compiler   architecture


 Q185. What is constructor chaining and how is it achieved in Java?Core Java
Ans. A child object constructor always first needs to construct its parent. In Java it is done via an implicit call to the no-args constructor as the first statement

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 Q186. Why Java provides default constructor ?Core Java
Ans. At the beginning of an object's life, the Java virtual machine (JVM) allocates memory on the heap to accommodate the object's instance variables. When that memory is first allocated, however, the data it contains is unpredictable. If the memory were used as is, the behavior of the object would also be unpredictable. To guard against such a scenario, Java makes certain that memory is initialized, at least to predictable default values before it is used by any code.

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 Q187. Will the static block be executed in the following code ? Why ?

class Test
{
static
{
System.out.println("Why I am not executing ");
}
public static final int param=20;
}

public class Demo
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println(Test.param);
}
}
Ans. No the static block won't get executed as the referenced variable in the Test class is final. Compiler replaces the content of the final variable within Demo.main method and hence actually no reference to Test class is made.

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 Q188. What is comparator interface used for ?Core Java
Ans. The purpose of comparator interface is to compare objects of the same class to identify the sorting order. Sorted Collection Classes ( TreeSet, TreeMap ) have been designed such to look for this method to identify the sorting order, that is why class need to implement Comparator interface to qualify its objects to be part of Sorted Collections.

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   Like         Discuss         Correct / Improve     java   collections   treemap   treeset   comparator     Asked in 2 Companies      Intermediate

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 Q189. Why are Getter and Setter better than directly changing and retrieving fields ?

or

What is the significance of variable hiding in Java ?

or

Why it's preferred to keep variables private and allow their access through getter and setter methods ?
Core Java
Ans. 1. Methods can participate in runtime polymorphism whereas member variables cannot.

For example -

Vehicle vehicle = new Car();

car.getObjVariable();// will return variable defined in Car

whereas

car.variable

will return the variable from Car class irrespective of the object it holds.

2. Validations can be performed before setting the variables.

3. If the input format changes or some other value or calculated value needs to be returned , that can be absorbed by making change ( wrapping ) in the setter and getter. By this the call to method from outside or interface to the object will remain the same.

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  Q190. Can we overload main method in Java ?Core Java
Ans. Yes, but the overloaded main methods without single String[] argument doesn't get any special status by the JVM. They are just another methods that needs to be called explicitly.

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   Like         Discuss         Correct / Improve     java   main method   overloading   yes-no     Asked in 6 Companies      intermediate        frequent


 Q191. How to configure second level cache in Hibernate ?Hibernate
Ans. 1. Configure Provider class in Hibernate configuration file.

2. Add Cache usage tag ( read-only or read-write ) in mapping files ( hbm ).

3. Create an XML file called ehcache.xml and place in classpath which contains time settings and update settings, behavior of cache , lifetime and idletime of Pojos, how many objects are allowed.

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 Q192. If I try to add Enum constants to a TreeSet, What sorting order will it use ?
Ans. Tree Set will sort the Values in the order in which Enum constants are declared.

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   Like         Discuss         Correct / Improve     java   collections   set   treeset   enum   sorting   technical lead


 Q193. Can we override compareTo method for Enumerations ?Core Java
Ans. No. compareTo method is declared final for the Enumerations and hence cannot be overriden. This has been intentionally done so that one cannot temper with the sorting order on the Enumeration which is the order in which Enum constants are declared.

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 Q194. If you are given a choice to implement the code to either Insert a Record or Update if already exist, Which approach will you follow ?

1. Insert into the DB Table. If exception occurs, update the existing record.
2. Check if the record exists and update it if it exists, If not insert a new record.
Solution
Ans. In first case, there would be 2 DB calls in worst case and 1 in best case. In 2nd approach there will be always 2 DB calls.

Decision on the approach should depend on the following considerations -

1. How costly is the call to DB ? Are we using indices , hibernate etc

If calls to DB are costly , 1st approach should be the choice.

2. Exception Book keeping load upon exception.

The benefit of saving 1st call in approach 1 should be bigger than the Book keeping for the exception.

3. Probability of the exception in first apparoach.

If the DB Table is almost empty, it makes sense to follow Approach 1 as majority of the 1st calls will pass through without exception.

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   Like         Discuss         Correct / Improve     database   insert-update   db exceution plan   db strategy   design   architecture   technical lead


Very Frequently asked.
 Q195. Explain throw, throws , try and catch in Java ?Core Java
Ans. throw is used to re throw an exception.throws is used to declare that the method throws the respective exceptions.try block is used to identify if the respective block has thrown any exception.catch is used to catch the exception that has been thrown by the respective try block.

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   Like         Discuss         Correct / Improve     java   exception handling   throw   throws   try   catch     Asked in 5 Companies      basic        frequent


 Q196. What is a transitive dependency ? Can we override Transitive Dependency version and If Yes, how ?Maven
Ans. Transitive dependency is the dependencies not defined directly in the current POM but the POM of the dependent projects.

Yes we can override transitive dependency version by specifying the dependency in the current POM.

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   Like         Discuss         Correct / Improve     maven   maven dependencies   maven transitive dependency   technical lead   build management


Usually asked to experienced developers.
 Q197. What is a cyclic dependency ?Maven
Ans. A has dependency of B, B has dependency of C and C has dependency of A

With Maven 2 , came transitive dependency wherein in above scenario, C will acts as a dependency of A as if this dependency has been defined directly in A but the negative side is that if it leads to cyclic dependency , it creates problems.

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 Q198. What is ConcurrentModificationException ?Core Java
Ans. This is the exception that is thrown when we try to modify the non concurrent collection class while iterating through it.

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   Like         Discuss         Correct / Improve     java   collections   concurrentmodificationexception   exception  concurrency     Asked in 14 Companies      intermediate


  Q199. Difference between jar , war and ear ?Java EE
Ans. Jar is Java Archieve i.e compressed Class or Class / Java files.

War comprises of compressed Servlet class files,JSP FIles,supporting files, GIF and HTML files.

Ear comprise of compressed Java and web module files ( was files ).

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 Q200. What is the use of @GeneratedValue annotation in Hibernate?Hibernate
Ans. This annotation is added to the auto increment column with the strategy to increment the column value. Usually this is added to the surrogate primary key column and specified with the Database Sequence.

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 Q201. What is the use of runnable interface if we can always create a new thread using Thread class ?Core Java
Ans. It's a choice to be made whether to use first approach ( Thread class ) or second approach ( runnable interface ) by the programmer. The second facility has been given for cases where your class is already extending some parent class and hence cannot extend another class ( for Thread ) as Java doesn't allow multiple inheritance.

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 Q202. What is a BlockingQueue?Data Structures
Ans. BlockingQueue is a Queue that supports operations that wait for the queue to become non-empty when retrieving and removing an element, and wait for space to become available in the queue when adding an element.

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 Q203. Which of the following collections stores its elements in insertion Order ?

a. HashMap
b. TreeMap
c. LinkedHashMap
d. LinkedMap
Core Java
Ans. LinkedHashMap

  Sample Code for LinkedHashMap

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 Q204. In what order the elements of a HashSet are retrieved ?

a. Random Order
b. Insertion Order
c. Natural Sorting Order
d. Inverse Natural Sorting Order
Core Java
Ans. Random Order

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 Q205. Which of the following is not the advantage of Mocking frameworks ?

a. It helps testing the module independently
b. It helps in faster unit testing
c. It helps in testing code even when external dependencies like service calls are not working
d. It helps in doing end to end Integration Testing
Ans. It helps in doing end to end Integration Testing

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 Q206. Which of the following file is called deployment descriptor ?

a. application.xml
b. project.xml
c. web.xml
d. build.xml
Java EE
Ans. web.xml

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 Q207. Which of the following is false about Constructors ?

a. Constructor can be overloaded
b. A no argument constructor is provided by the compiler if we declare only constructors with arguments.
c. Constructors shouldn't have any return types , not even void.
d. If super is not explicitly called, still super() is intrinsically added by the compiler.
Core Java
Ans. A no argument constructor is provided by the compiler if we declare only constructors with arguments.

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 Q208. Which of the following doesn't extend Collection interface ?

a. Set
b. List
c. Map
d. Queue
Core Java
Ans. Map

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 Q209. Which of the following Java feature promotes Code Re usability ?

a. Abstraction
b. Encapsulation
c. Inheritance
d. Polymorphism
Core Java
Ans. Inheritance

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 Q210. Which of the following is not a build tool or plugin ?

a. Maven
b. Ant
c. Gradle
d. svn
Tool
Ans. svn

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