Interview Questions and Answers for 'T' | Search Interview Question

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Q211. What will happen if we don't have termination statement in recursion ?

Ans. Function call allocates a stackframe in stack. Every stackframe will use some memory to store local variables, parameters and to remember return address. Without terminating condition stackframes will keep consuming memory from stack and eventually program will result in stackoverflow error.

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Q212. In which cases , moving methods to utility class could be useful ?

Core Java

Ans. It could be worthy to move a method to util class if the method needs to be shared, doesn't require polymorphic behavior and need not be overridden in special cases.

Don't belong to one group through is-a relationship ( You can share through parent class method )

Don't implement a specific interface ( java 8 default methods )

Doesn't involve complex computing as you will be loosing the benefit of object state with just static method.

Doesn't require polymorphic behavior as static methods don't participate in runtime polymorphism.

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This question can be asked in different variants like performace improvement of an application, improving performance for DB communication etc.

Q213. What are the ways in which execution time of the code can be improved ?

Solution

Ans. This depends on entirely upon the code type. For example

1.If its just logic, we can try it to short circuit or put the if / switch case with maximum probability in the beginning.

2. Can use faster data structures, for eg - random retrieval instead of sequence / iterator

3. Working with primitive types or even bytes instead of Objects, even though it may result in marginal improvement.

4. If its service call, then service call with bulk load can help

5. If DB Operation, then with use of Indices , Views or using ORM , cache etc.

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Q214. Difference between GET and POST Requests ?

Web Service

Ans. GET is supposed to get information from the server. Client sends the minimal information so that Server can respond with the response body on basis of request. For example - You want to get complete employment record for employee id 123

POST is supposed to send the information for submission. Payload or a Body is usually sent so that it can be persisted on the server. For example - Sending the complete information of an employee ( id, name , dept etc ) to the server for persisting it.

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_{Like Discuss Correct / Improve get vs post web service rest Asked in 11 Companies basic frequent}

Q215. How do you resolve Maven Dependencies issue while upgrading dependencies versions ?

Maven

Ans. Step 1 - Upgrade the required dependency , perform build and check build errors

Step 2.1 - If the error is of missing transitive dependency ( which is rare and means that the previous version has a dependency which is missing in the later version ), I would look for the dependency in google and hence will include it as direct dependency in Pom file.

Step 2.2. If the error is for Duplicate dependencies , and the choice is between transitive and direct dependency, I usually remove the direct dependency.

Step 2.3 - If the error is for Duplicate dependencies , and both are transitive dependencies. I first make a choice ( usually later version ) and then ignore the previous version dependency.

Step 2.4 - If the error is for Duplicate dependencies , and there are more than 2 duplicates, I usually ignore it by specifying within maven-enforcer-plugin config.

Step 3 - Perform a Clean Build.

Step 4 - Check Maven Dependency Tree to make sure that Duplicates have been removed or dependency is there in case of missing dependency.

Step 5 - Perform tests and make sure that there are no runtime problems.

Step 6 - If there are runtime problems ( which very likely occurs if you have different version dependencies , very likely by doing 2.4 , you will have to remove step 2.4 and alternately perform 2.2 or 2.3 )

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Q216. What is coupling and Cohesion ?

Design

Ans. Coupling is the degree of interdependence between software modules, a measure of how closely connected two modules are or the strength of the relationships between modules.

Cohesion refers to the degree to which the elements of a module belong together. Cohesion measures the strength of relationship between pieces of functionality within a given module.

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Q217. Design a Data Structure for a full text Search ?

Design

^{This question was recently asked at 'Myntra'.This question is still unanswered. Can you please provide an answer.}

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_{Like Discuss Correct / Improve Full Text Search Data Structure Asked in 1 Companies expert}

Q218. Write a Program to reverse a Linked List ?

Data Structure

^{This question was recently asked at 'Myntra,Compro Technologies'.This question is still unanswered. Can you please provide an answer.}

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Q219. Why java doesn't support multiple Inheritance ?

or

Explain Java Diamond Problem.

Core Java

Ans. class A {
void test() {
System.out.println("test() method");
}
}

class B {
void test() {
System.out.println("test() method");
}
}

Suppose if Java allows multiple inheritance like this,

class C extends A, B {
}

A and B test() methods are inheriting to C class.

So which test() method C class will take? As A & B class test() methods are different , So here we would Facing Ambiguity.

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_{Like Discuss Correct / Improve multiple inheritance object oriented programming (oops) oops concepts diamond problem Asked in 20 Companies basic frequent}

Q220. Trim a string without using String library method

Core Java

^{This question was recently asked at 'Ariba'.This question is still unanswered. Can you please provide an answer.}

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Usually asked to entry level software developers.

Q221. Write a program to swap two variables without using third

Core Java

Ans. public static void main(String[] args) {
   int num1 = 1;
   int num2 = 2;
   num1 = num1^num2;
   num2 = num1^num2;
   num1 = num1^num2;
   System.out.print("num1 = " + num1 +", num2 = "+num2);
}

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_{Like Discuss Correct / Improve code coding Asked in 37 Companies basic frequent}

Q222. What are the disadvantages of Hibernate over native APIs ?

Hibernate

^{This question is still unanswered. Can you please provide an answer.}

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Q223. If an Abstract class has only abstract methods, What's the difference between such a class and an interface ?

Core Java

Ans. Such a class still can have member elements which can be inherited and hence facilitate code reuse. Moreover Abstract class can have non final static elements whereas interfaces are only allowed to have static final elements.

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_{Like Discuss Correct / Improve abstract class interfaces Asked in 2 Companies Basic}

Q224. Can we overload method as following ?

void method(int... x){};
void method(int[] x){};

Core Java

Ans. No. Because java internally treats var args as arrays and hence both method declarations will generate the same byte code and hence would result in ambiguity while determining call binding.

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_{Like Discuss Correct / Improve var args methods functions method declaration scjp ocjp}

Q225. What is the difference between single instance Web environment and Load Balanced Auto Scaling ?

Amazon Web Services (AWS)

Ans. Single instance means there is only 1 instance that will bear all the traffic load whereas Load balanced server means that there will be a cluster of servers that will host the application and load will be balanced distributed among them. Auto Scaling means that the number of instances will be expanded / shrunken based on the rule. Rule could be the traffic count , response time etc.

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Q226. What does import java.util.* means in java ?

Core Java

Ans. It means import all the classes and interfaces within java.util package and make them available to use within the current class or interface. This is shorthand wild card annotation for importing all classes within a particular package. This won't import the classes within the sub packages of java.util.

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Q227. What are the benefits of Dependency Injection or IOC ?

Design

Ans. Central place for configuring dependencies.

No need to create object, container manage all this By using Run time polymorphism and association.

Facilities development of framework / libraries by injecting implementation classes in the implementation code.

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Q228. If you need to consume messages from the queue faster, which approach will you recommend - batching or concurrency ?

Design

Ans. Each has it's own advantages

Batching requires less resources but may result in loosing whole batch in case of failure whereas concurrency even though is little more expensive in terms of resources but would result in minimal loss in case of failure.

In case messages are to be consumed in a particular order, batching them in that order and then consuming them makes better sense.

if incoming messages are not continuous , it makes more sense to do concurrency as we need not wait for all messages to form a batch and flush. Though time sensitivity can be added but that would add unnecessary complexity.

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_{Like Discuss Correct / Improve concurrency vs batching concurrency multithreading batch}

Q229. What is the difference between Singleton and Prototype Bean scope in Spring ?

Spring

Ans. Prototype scope - A new object is created each time it is injected/looked up. It will use new SomeClass() each time.

Singleton scope - It is the default scope. The same object is returned each time it is injected/looked up. Here it will instantiate one instance of SomeClass and then return it each time.

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Q230. What is the use of Object class ?

Core Java

Ans. 1. Default definition for some of the methods , like equals, hashcode etc that gets carried to all objects even if you don't define anything. But that default definition is kind of like assigning 0 to integer, it just provide a safe state , nothing much for comparison.

2. Places where you have no idea about what object you may receive and just want to perform out of 8 basic methods of object class, something like printing their string representation ( defined by their toString method ), or equality ( using their equals method )

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Q231. What is cloud computing ?

Cloud Computing

Ans. Cloud Computing is a way of using IT infrastructure with following traits -

1. On Demand Infrastructure
2. Broad Network Access
3. Resource Pooling
4. Rapid Elasticity
5. Measured Service

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Q232. What are the problems one could face while working with serverless technologies like AWS Lambda ?

Amazon Web Services (AWS)

Ans. Warm up time for certain technologies like Java ( JVM Warmup )

Performance

Size of Deployable ( Bigger size packaging should go in S3 )

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Q233. What is the difference between subject and observable ?

RxJava

Ans. Subject has state, it keeps a list of observers. On the other hand, an Observable is really just a function that sets up observation. While Subjects are Observables, Subjects also implement an Observer interface.

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Q234. What are the disadvantages of Design Patterns ?

Design Pattern

Ans. 1. Design patterns are abstraction heavy and hence sometimes creates memory and performance overheads.

2. Sometimes they create unnecessary complexity without much added advantage.

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Q235. Differences between class not found exception and noclassdef found error ?

Core Java

Ans. ClassNotFoundException is an exception that occurs when we try to load a class at run time using Class.forName() or loadClass() methods and mentioned classes are not found in the classpath.

NoClassDefFoundError is an error that occurs when a particular class is present at compile time, but was missing at run time.

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Q236. serialization and deserialization of singleton class

Core Java

Ans. The problem with serialized singleton class is that whenever we deserialize it, it will create a new instance of the class. To overcome this scenario all we need to do is to provide the implementation of readResolve() method.

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Q237. What is the cost of using Cloud Formation ?

Amazon Web Services (AWS)

Ans. Cloud Formation does not have any additional cost but you are charged for the underlying resources it builds.

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Q238. How does AWS Lambda handle failure during event processing?

Amazon Web Services (AWS)

Ans. In AWS Lambda we can run a function in synchronous or asynchronous mode. In synchronous mode, if AWS Lambda function fails, then it will just give an exception to the calling application. In asynchronous mode, if AWS Lambda function fails then it will retry the same function at least 3 times.If AWS Lambda is running in response to an event in Amazon DynamoDB or Amazon Kinesis, then the event will be retried till the Lambda function succeeds or the data expires. In DynamoDB or Kinesis, AWS maintains data for at least 24 hours.

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Q239. Why is cloud infrastructure so powerful ?

Cloud Computing

Ans. Because it gives the ability to provision infrastructure on Demand with No contracts and strings attached.

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Q240. Which region is the latest and most popular in AWS ? What are the advantages and disadvantages of using this region ?

Amazon Web Services (AWS)

Ans. US-East Virginia

This is the oldest and most popular region. All new features are rolled first in this region and hence they are first available there. The downside is that because of experimentation with new services, unavailability time is quite high.

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